Sensitive Natural Communities are those that are listed to the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) due to the rarity of the community in the state or throughout its entire range (globally). Currently the CNDDB uses Holland vegetation community names and has not added any new sensitive natural community records to the CNDDB since the 1990’s, because the CDFW is switching to using A Manual of California Vegetation, 2nd Edition  as the standard classification system for California. Below all of the Sensitive Natural Communities in California are listed, both the Holland types and the “Manual” Alliances will be presented along with the Global and State Rankings.

Ranking of alliances according to their degree of imperilment (as measured by rarity, trends, and threats) follows NatureServe’s Heritage Methodology, in which all alliances are listed with a G (global) and S (state) rank.

GLOBAL RANKING

The global rank (G-rank) is a reflection of the overall status of an element throughout its global range. Both Global and State ranks represent a letter and number score that reflects a combination of Rarity, Threat, and Trend factors, with weighting being heavier on Rarity than the other two.

SPECIES OR NATURAL COMMUNITY LEVEL

  • G1 = Critically Imperiled—At very high risk of extinction due to extreme rarity (often 5 or fewer populations), very steep declines, or other factors.
  • G2 = Imperiled—At high risk of extinction due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20 or fewer), steep declines, or other factors.
  • G3 = Vulnerable—At moderate risk of extinction due to a restricted range, relatively few populations (often 80 or fewer), recent and widespread declines, or other factors.
  • G4 = Apparently Secure—Uncommon but not rare; some cause for long-term concern due to declines or other factors.
  • G5 = Secure—Common; widespread and abundant.
STATE RANKING

The state rank (S-rank) is assigned much the same way as the global rank, but state ranks refer to the imperilment status only within California’s state boundaries.

  • S1 = Critically Imperiled—Critically imperiled in the state because of extreme rarity (often 5 or fewer populations) or because of factor(s) such as very steep declines making it especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state.
  • S2 = Imperiled—Imperiled in the state because of rarity due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20 or fewer), steep declines, or other factors making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state.
  • S3 = Vulnerable—Vulnerable in the state due to a restricted range, relatively few populations (often 80 or fewer), recent and widespread declines, or other factors making it vulnerable to extirpation from the state.
  • S4 = Apparently Secure—Uncommon but not rare in the state; some cause for long-term concern due to declines or other factors.
  • S5 = Secure—Common, widespread, and abundant in the state.

Sensitive Natural Communities (State Ranks 1-3)

For Alliances with State ranks of S1-S3, all associations within them are also considered to be highly imperiled and are listed below. A question mark (?) denotes an inexact numeric rank due to insufficient samples over the full expected range of the type, but existing information points to this rank. We have not provided the G and S rank of associations in the September 2010 version of this classification. However, associations currently designated as being of S3 or rarer are indicated with an asterisk (*) located to the left of their name, even if the Alliance is not listed as S3 or rarer. Holland types that may encompass, either in whole or part, rare alliances or associations are likewise asterisked.

Warm Temperate Forest

California Forest and Woodland
  • Mixed North Slope Cismontane Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • *California buckeye groves – Aesculus californica Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Aesculus californica
    • *Aesculus californica – Umbellularia californica / Diplacus aurantiacus
    • *Aesculus californica – Umbellularia californica / Holodiscus discolor
    • *Aesculus californica / Datisca glomerata
    • *Aesculus californica / Lupinus albifrons
    • *Aesculus californica / Toxicodendron diversilobum / moss
  • *California walnut groves – Juglans californica Alliance – G3 S3
    • California Walnut Woodland (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Walnut Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Juglans californica – Quercus agrifolia
    • *Juglans californica / annual herbaceous
    • *Juglans californica / Artemisia californica / Leymus condensatus
    • *Juglans californica / Ceanothus spinosus
    • *Juglans californica / Heteromeles arbutifolia
    • *Juglans californica / Malosma laurina
  • *Catalina ironwood groves – Lyonothamnus floribundus Special Stands – G2 S2
    • Island Ironwood Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • Coast live oak woodland – Quercus agrifolia Alliance – G5 S4
    • Central Coast Live Oak Riparian Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Quercus agrifolia – Quercus kelloggii
  • Canyon live oak forest – Quercus chrysolepis Alliance – G5 S5
    • Canyon Live Oak Ravine Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.3
    • *Quercus chrysolepis – Ceanothus integerrimus
    • *Quercus chrysolepis – Pinus lambertiana
    • *Quercus chrysolepis – Pinus ponderosa
    • *Quercus chrysolepis – Quercus garryana var. garryana / Pentagramma triangularis
    • *Quercus chrysolepis – Quercus kelloggii – Acer macrophyllum
    • *Quercus chrysolepis – Quercus lobata / Vitis californica
    • *Quercus chrysolepis – Umbellularia californica / Vitis californica
  • Blue oak woodland – Quercus douglasii Alliance – G4 S4
    • Blue Oak Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Quercus douglasii – Quercus lobata
    • *Quercus douglasii / Cercocarpus montanus / Bowlesia incana – Lithophragma affine
    • Juniper Oak Cismontane Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Quercus douglasii / Juniperus californica – Ceanothus cuneatus
    • *Quercus douglasii / Selaginella hansenii – Navarretia pubescens
  • *Engelmann oak woodland – Quercus engelmannii Alliance – G3 S3
    • Engelmann Oak Woodland (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Open Engelmann Oak Woodland (Holland) – G2 S2.2
    • Dense Engelmann Oak Woodland (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • *Quercus engelmannii – Quercus agrifolia / Artemisia californica
    • *Quercus engelmannii – Quercus agrifolia / chaparral (Adenostoma fasciculatum – Quercus berberidifolia – Rhamnus ilicifolia)
    • *Quercus engelmannii – Quercus agrifolia / Toxicodendron diversilobum / annual grass
    • *Quercus engelmannii / Adenostoma fasciculatum – Arctostaphylos glauca
    • *Quercus engelmannii / annual grass – herb
    • *Quercus engelmannii / Quercus berberidifolia
    • *Quercus engelmannii / Salvia apiana / grass – herb
    • *Quercus engelmannii / Toxicodendron diversilobum / grass
  • California black oak forest – Quercus kelloggii Alliance – G4 S4
    • Black Oak Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • Westside Ponderosa Pine Forest (Holland) – G3 S2.1
    • *Quercus kelloggii – Pseudotsuga menziesii
    • *Quercus kelloggii – Pseudotsuga menziesii – Umbellularia californica
    • *Quercus kelloggii – Quercus agrifolia – pine / Holodiscus discolor
    • *Quercus kelloggii – Quercus lobata / grass
    • *Quercus kelloggii / Toxicodendron diversilobum – Styrax officinalis / Triteleia laxa
  • *Valley oak woodland – Quercus lobata Alliance – G3 S3
    • Valley Oak Woodland (Holland) – G3 S2.1
    • *Quercus lobata – Acer negundo
    • *Quercus lobata – Alnus rhombifolia
    • *Quercus lobata – Fraxinus latifolia / Vitis californica
    • *Quercus lobata – Quercus agrifolia / grass
    • *Quercus lobata – Quercus agrifolia / Toxicodendron diversilobum
    • *Quercus lobata – Quercus douglasii
    • *Quercus lobata – Quercus kelloggii
    • *Quercus lobata – Quercus wislizeni
    • *Quercus lobata – Salix lasiolepis
    • *Quercus lobata (Sacramento River)
    • Great Valley Valley Oak Riparian Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Quercus lobata / grass
    • *Quercus lobata / herbaceous semi-riparian
    • *Quercus lobata / Rhus trilobata
    • *Quercus lobata / Rubus armeniacus
  • *Palmer oak chaparral – Quercus palmeri Alliance – G3 S2?
    • *Quercus palmeri – Eriogonum fasciculatum
    • *Quercus palmeri – Eriogonum wrightii
  • *Shreve oak forests – Quercus parvula var. shrevei Provisional Alliance – G2 S2
  • *Island oak groves – Quercus tomentella Special Stands – G3 S3
    • Island Oak Woodland (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • Interior live oak woodland – Quercus wislizeni Alliance – G4 S4
    • Interior Live Oak Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Quercus wislizeni – Pinus ponderosa
    • *Quercus wislizeni – Pinus sabiniana / Arctostaphylos manzanita
    • *Quercus wislizeni – Salix laevigata / Frangula californica
  • *California bay forest – Umbellularia californica Alliance – G4 S3
    • California Bay Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Umbellularia californica
    • *Umbellularia californica – Acer macrophyllum
    • *Umbellularia californica – Aesculus californica / Holodiscus discolor
    • *Umbellularia californica – Alnus rhombifolia
    • *Umbellularia californica – Arbutus menziesii
    • *Umbellularia californica – Juglans californica / Ceanothus spinosus
    • *Umbellularia californica – Lithocarpus densiflorus
    • *Umbellularia californica – Platanus racemosa
    • *Umbellularia californica – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Rhododendron occidentale
    • *Umbellularia californica – Quercus agrifolia / (Genista monspessulana)
    • *Umbellularia californica – Quercus agrifolia / Heteromeles arbutifolia – Toxicodendron diversilobum / Melica torreyana
    • *Umbellularia californica – Quercus agrifolia / Toxicodendron diversilobum (Corylus cornuta)
    • *Umbellularia californica – Quercus chrysolepis
    • *Umbellularia californica – Quercus wislizeni
    • *Umbellularia californica / Ceanothus oliganthus
    • *Umbellularia californica / Polystichum munitum
    • *Umbellularia californica / Toxicodendron diversilobum
    • Northern Interior Cypress Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.2
    • Southern Interior Cypress Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • *Santa Cruz cypress groves – Callitropsis abramsiana Special Stands – G1 S1
  • *Baker cypress stands – Callitropsis bakeri Alliance – G2 S2
    • *Callitropsis bakeri / Arctostaphylos patula
  • *Tecate cypress stands – Callitropsis forbesii Alliance – G2 S2
  • *Monterey pygmy cypress stands – Callitropsis goveniana Special Stands – G1 S1
    • *Monterey Pygmy Cypress Forest (Holland) G1 S1.1
  • *McNab cypress woodland – Callitropsis macnabiana Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Callitropsis macnabiana / Arctostaphylos viscida
  • *Monterey cypress stands – Callitropsis macrocarpa Special Stands – G1 S1
    • Monterey Cypress Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.2
  • *Piute cypress woodland – Callitropsis nevadensis Alliance – G2 S2
    • *Callitropsis nevadensis *81.605.01
  • *Mendocino pygmy cypress woodland – Callitropsis pigmaea Alliance – G2 S2
    • Mendocino Pygmy Cypress Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • *Callitropsis pigmaea / Cladonia bellidiflora
    • *Callitropsis pigmaea / Ramalina tharusta
    • *Callitropsis pigmaea / Usnea subfloridana
    • *Callitropsis pigmaea / Cladina impexa 
  • *Sargent cypress woodland – Callitropsis sargentii Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Callitropsis sargentii
    • *Callitropsis sargentii / Arctostaphylos montana
    • *Callitropsis sargentii / riparian
  • *Cuyamaca cypress stands – Callitropsis stephensonii Special Stands – G1 S1
  • California juniper woodland – Juniperus californica Alliance – G4 S4
    • Peninsular Juniper Woodland and Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • Cismontane Juniper Woodland and Scrub (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • *Juniperus californica – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Eriogonum fasciculatum
    • *Juniperus californica – Coleogyne ramosissima
    • *Juniperus californica – Ericameria linearifolia / annual – perennial – herb
    • *Juniperus californica – Fraxinus dipetala – Ericameria linearifolia
    • *Juniperus californica / annual herbaceous
  • Coulter pine woodland – Pinus coulteri Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Pinus coulteri – Calocedrus decurrens – Pinus jeffreyi / Quercus durata
    • *Pinus coulteri – Calocedrus decurrens / Frangula californica spp. tomentella / Aquilegia eximia
    • *Pinus coulteri – Calocedrus decurrens / Quercus durata – Arctostaphylos glauca
    • *Pinus coulteri – Pinus sabiniana / Quercus durata – Arctostaphylos pungens
    • *Pinus coulteri – Quercus chrysolepis / Arctostaphylos pringlei
    • *Pinus coulteri / Quercus durata
  • *Bishop pine forest – Pinus muricata Alliance – G3 S3
    • Northern Bishop Pine Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.2
    • Southern Bishop Pine Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Pinus muricata – (Arbutus menziesii) / Vaccinium ovatum
    • *Pinus muricata – Callitropsis pigmaea
    • *Pinus muricata – Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi
    • *Pinus muricata – Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi / Arnica discoidea
    • *Pinus muricata – Pseudotsuga menziesii
    • *Pinus muricata / Arctostaphylos glandulosa
    • *Pinus muricata / Xerophyllum tenax
  • *Parry pinyon woodland – Pinus quadrifolia Alliance – G3 S2
    • *Pinus quadrifolia / Quercus cornelius – mulleri
  • *Monterey pine forest – Pinus radiata Alliance – G1 S1
    • Monterey Pine Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Pinus radiata – Pinus muricata / Arctostaphylos tomentosa – Arctostaphylos hookeri
    • *Pinus radiata – Quercus agrifolia / Toxicodendron diversilobum
    • *Pinus radiata / Arctostaphylos tomentosa – Vaccinium ovatum
    • *Pinus radiata / Toxicodendron diversilobum
  • Ghost pine woodland – Pinus sabiniana Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Pinus sabiniana / Ceanothus cuneatus / Plantago erecta

Cool Temperate Forest

Californian-Vancouverian Montane and Foothill Forest
  • *Madrone forest – Arbutus menziesii Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Arbutus menziesii – Quercus agrifolia
    • *Arbutus menziesii – Umbellularia californica – (Lithocarpus densiflorus)
    • *Arbutus menziesii – Umbellularia californica – Quercus kelloggii
  • *Golden chinquapin thickets – Chrysolepis chrysophylla Alliance – G2 S2
    • *Chrysolepis chrysophylla – Arctostaphylos glandulosa
    • *Chrysolepis chrysophylla / Vaccinium ovatum
  • *Tanoak forest – Lithocarpus densiflorus Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Acer circinatum
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Acer macrophyllum
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Arbutus menziesii
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Calocedrus decurrens / Festuca californica
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Chrysolepis chrysophylla
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Cornus nuttallii
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Cornus nuttallii / Toxicodendron diversilobum
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Pinus lambertiana / Toxicodendron diversilobum
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Quercus chrysolepis
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Quercus kelloggii
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus – Umbellularia californica
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus / Corylus cornuta
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus / Frangula californica
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus / Gaultheria shallon
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus / Mahonia nervosa
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus / Quercus vacciniifolia – Rhododendron macrophyllum
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus / Toxicodendron diversilobum – Lonicera hispidula var. vacillens
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus / Vaccinium ovatum
  • *Oregon white oak woodland – Quercus garryana Alliance – G4 S3
    • Oregon Oak Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.3
    • *Quercus garryana – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Festuca californica
    • *Quercus garryana – Quercus kelloggii / Arrhenatherum elatius
    • *Quercus garryana – Quercus kelloggii / Dichelostemma ida-maia
    • *Quercus garryana – Quercus kelloggii / Toxicodendron diversilobum
    • *Quercus garryana var. garryana – Quercus garryana var. breweri / Festuca californica
    • *Quercus garryana / Bromus carinatus
    • *Quercus garryana / Cynosurus cristatus
    • *Quercus garryana / Dactylis glomerata
    • *Quercus garryana / Delphinium trolliifolium
    • *Quercus garryana / Melica subulata
    • *Quercus garryana / Philadelphus lewisii
    • *Quercus garryana / Ribes roezlii
    • *Quercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus
    • *Quercus garryana / Toxicodendron diversilobum
  • White fir – Douglas fir forest – Abies concolor – Pseudotsuga menziesii Alliance – G5 S4
    • *Abies concolor – Pseudotsuga menziesii – (Quercus chrysolepis)
    • *Abies concolor – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Corylus cornuta
    • *Abies concolor – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Rhododendron macrophyllum – Quercus sadleriana 
    • *Abies concolor – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Rosa gymnocarpa / Linnaea borealis
    • *Abies concolor – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Rubus parviflorus
  • *Bigleaf maple forest – Acer macrophyllum Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Acer macrophyllum
    • *Acer macrophyllum – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Adenocaulon bicolor
    • *Acer macrophyllum – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Corylus cornuta
    • *Acer macrophyllum – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Dryopteris arguta
    • *Acer macrophyllum – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Philadelphus lewisii
    • *Acer macrophyllum – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Polystichum munitum
  • Red alder forest – Alnus rubra Alliance – G5 S4
    • Red Alder Forest (Holland) – G4 S3.2
    • *Alnus rubra – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Acer circinatum / Claytonia sibirica
    • *Alnus rubra / Gaultheria shallon
    • Red Alder Riparian Forest (Holland) – G3 S2.2
    • *Alnus rubra / Rubus spectabilis – Sambucus racemosa
    • *Alnus rubra / Salix lasiolepis
  • Douglas fir forest – Pseudotsuga menziesii Alliance – G5 S4
    • Upland Douglas Fir Forest (Holland) – G4 S3.1
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Chrysolepis chrysophylla – Lithocarpus densiflorus
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Chrysolepis chrysophylla – Lithocarpus densiflorus / Mahonia nervosa
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Chrysolepis chrysophylla / Rhododendron macrophyllum – Mahonia nervosa
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Chrysolepis chrysophylla / Rhododendron macrophyllum – Quercus sadleriana – Xerophyllum tenax
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Chrysolepis chrysophylla / Xerophyllum tenax
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Quercus chrysolepis
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Quercus chrysolepis – Arbutus menziesii / Toxicodendron diversilobum
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Quercus chrysolepis – Lithocarpus densiflorus
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Quercus chrysolepis – mixed conifer / Polystichum munitum
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Quercus garryana var. garryana / grass
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Quercus kelloggii
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Umbellularia californica
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Umbellularia californica / Toxicodendron diversilobum
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Acer circinatum – Mahonia nervosa
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Achlys triphylla
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Arbutus menziesii
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Chimaphila umbellata
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Corylus cornuta
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Corylus cornuta / Adenocaulon bicolor
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Gaultheria shallon
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Linnaea borealis
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Mahonia nervosa
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus vacciniifolia
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus vacciniifolia – Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus vacciniifolia – Rhododendron macrophyllum
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Rhododendron spp.
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii / Vancouveria planipetala
  • Ponderosa pine – Douglas fir forest – Pinus ponderosa – Pseudotsuga menziesii  Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Pinus ponderosa
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Pinus ponderosa – Calocedrus decurrens
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Pinus ponderosa – Pinus jeffreyi / Poa secunda
  • *Douglas fir – Incense cedar forest – Pseudotsuga menziesii – Calocedrus decurrens  Alliance – G3 S3
    • Ultramafic Mixed Coniferous Forest (Holland) – G4 S4
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Calocedrus decurrens – (Pinus jeffreyi) / Nassella pulchra
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Calocedrus decurrens – (Quercus kellogii) / Nassella pulchra
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Calocedrus decurrens – Pinus jeffreyi
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Calocedrus decurrens – Pinus jeffreyi / Festuca californica
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Calocedrus decurrens – Umbellularia californica / Toxicodendron diversilobum
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Calocedrus decurrens / Festuca californica
    • *Pseudotsuga menziesii – Calocedrus decurrens / Quercus vacciniifolia
  • *Santa Lucia fir groves – Abies bracteata Alliance – G3 S3
    • Santa Lucia Fir Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.2
    • *Abies bracteata / Galium clementis
    • *Abies bracteata / Polystichum munitum
  • White fir forest – Abies concolor Alliance – G5 S4
    • *Abies concolor – Chrysolepis chrysophylla
  • *Incense cedar forest – Calocedrus decurrens Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Calocedrus decurrens – Abies concolor / Senecio triangularis
    • *Calocedrus decurrens – Alnus rhombifolia
    • *Calocedrus decurrens – Quercus chrysolepis – Quercus kelloggii
    • *Calocedrus decurrens / Listera convallarioides
  • *Brewer spruce forest – Picea breweriana Alliance – G3 S2
    • Siskiyou Enriched Coniferous Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.2
    • Salmon Scott Enriched Coniferous Forest (Holland) G1 S1.2
    • *Picea breweriana – Abies concolor / Chimaphila umbellata – Pyrola picta
  • Jeffrey pine forest – Pinus jeffreyi Alliance – G4 S4
    • Northern Ultramafic Jeffrey Pine Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • Southern Ultramafic Jeffrey Pine Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Southern Ultramafic Mixed Coniferous Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • *Pinus jeffreyi – Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata / Festuca idahoensis / Granite
    • *Pinus jeffreyi – Pinus ponderosa / Symphoricarpos mollis / Wyethia mollis
    • *Pinus jeffreyi – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus vacciniifolia / Festuca californica
    • *Pinus jeffreyi – Quercus kelloggii / Poa secunda
    • *Pinus jeffreyi – Quercus kelloggii / Rhus trilobata
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana / Festuca idahoensis
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Calamagrostis koelerioides
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Cercocarpus ledifolius
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Chrysolepis sempervirens
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Ericameria ophitidis
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Festuca idahoensis
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata – Symphoricarpos longiflorus / Poa wheeleri
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata / Cercocarpus ledifolius / Achnatherum occidentalis
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata / Wyethia mollis
    • *Pinus jeffreyi / Symphoricarpos longiflorus / Poa wheeleri
  • *Sugar pine forest – Pinus lambertiana Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Pinus lambertiana – Chrysolepis chrysophylla / Quercus vacciniifolia – Quercus sadleriana
    • *Pinus lambertiana – Pinus contorta ssp contorta / Quercus vacciniifolia – Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides
    • *Pinus lambertiana – Pinus contorta ssp. contorta / Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides – Rhododendron macrophyllum
    • *Pinus lambertiana – Pinus monticola / Quercus vacciniifolia – Garrya buxifolia
  • Ponderosa pine forest – Pinus ponderosa Alliance – G5 S4
    • Upland Coast Range Ponderosa Pine Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • Eastside Ponderosa Pine Forest (Holland) – G4 S2.1
    • Ponderosa Dune Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Pinus ponderosa – Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana / Amelanchier alnifolia
    • *Pinus ponderosa – Pinus jeffreyi / Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana – Purshia tridentata var. tridentata
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Achnatherum nelsonii
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Amelanchier alnifolia – Mahonia repens / Arnica cordifolia
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Amelanchier alnifolia – Prunus virginiana
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Arctostaphylos patula – Chamaebatia foliolosa
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Artemisia tridentata
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana / Festuca idahoensis
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Bromus carinatus
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Ceanothus cuneatus
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Ceanothus prostratus
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Ceanothus velutinus / Achnatherum nelsonii
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Cercocarpus ledifolius – Purshia tridentata var. tridentata / Festuca idahoensis
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Cercocarpus ledifolius / Pseudoroegneria spicata
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Chamaebatia foliolosa
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Galium angustifolium
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata – Arctostaphylos patula / Achnatherum nelsonii
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata – Ceanothus velutinus
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata – Ribes cereum / Bromus orcuttianus
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata / Achnatherum nelsonii / pumice
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata / Balsamorhiza sagittata
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata var. tridentata / Senecio integerrimus / granite
    • *Pinus ponderosa / Symphoricarpos longiflorus
  • *Washoe pine woodland – Pinus washoensis Alliance – G2 S2
    • Washoe Pine Fir Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.2
    • *Pinus washoensis / Arctostaphylos nevadensis
    • *Pinus washoensis / Lupinus caudatus
    • *Pinus washoensis / Symphoricarpos longiflorus / Pseudostellaria jamesiana
  • *Bigcone Douglas fir forest – Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Alliance – G3 S3
    • Bigcone Spruce Canyon Oak Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Pseudotsuga macrocarpa – Quercus agrifolia
    • *Pseudotsuga macrocarpa – Quercus chrysolepis
  • *Giant sequoia forest – Sequoiadendron giganteum Alliance – G3 S3
    • Big Tree Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Sequoiadendron giganteum – Pinus lambertiana / Cornus nuttallii
Rocky Mountain Subalpine and High Montane Conifer Forest
  • Southern California Subalpine Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.3
  • *Subalpine fir forest – Abies lasiocarpa Alliance – G5 S2
    • *Abies lasiocarpa
  • *Engelmann spruce forest – Picea engelmannii Alliance – G5 S2
  • *Aspen groves – Populus tremuloides Alliance – G5 S3
    • Aspen Forest (Holland) – G5 S3.2
    • Aspen Riparian Forest (Holland) – G4 S3.2
    • *Populus tremuloides
    • *Populus tremuloides – Pinus contorta / Artemisia tridentata / Poa pratensis
    • *Populus tremuloides / Artemisia tridentata
    • *Populus tremuloides / Artemisia tridentata / Monardella odoratissima – Kelloggia galioides
    • *Populus tremuloides / Bromus carinatus
    • *Populus tremuloides / dry graminoid
    • *Populus tremuloides / mesic forb
    • *Populus tremuloides / Monardella odoratissima
    • *Populus tremuloides / Pinus jeffreyi
    • *Populus tremuloides / Poa pratensis
    • *Populus tremuloides / Prunus
    • *Populus tremuloides / Rosa woodsii
    • *Populus tremuloides / Symphoricarpos albus
    • *Populus tremuloides / Symphoricarpos rotundifolius
    • *Populus tremuloides / Symphyotricum foliaceum
    • *Populus tremuloides / upland
    • *Populus tremuloides / Veratrum californicum
  • *Foxtail pine woodland – Pinus balfouriana Alliance – G3 S3
    • Foxtail Pine Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.3
    • *Pinus balfouriana
    • *Pinus balfouriana – Abies magnifica
    • *Pinus balfouriana – Pinus albicaulis
    • *Pinus balfouriana – Pinus flexilis
    • *Pinus balfouriana – Pinus monticola
    • *Pinus balfouriana / Anemone drummondii
    • *Pinus balfouriana / Chrysolepis sempervirens
  • *Limber pine woodland – Pinus flexilis Alliance – G5 S3
    • Limber Pine Forest (Holland) – G4 S2.3
    • *Pinus flexilis – Pinus contorta / Chrysolepis sempervirens
    • *Pinus flexilis – Pinus contorta ssp. murryana
    • *Pinus flexilis / Cercocarpus ledifolius
  • *Bristlecone pine woodland – Pinus longaeva Alliance – G4 S2
    • Bristlecone Pine Forest (Holland) – G4 S2.3
    • *Pinus longaeva
    • *Pinus longaeva / Cercocarpus intricatus
Vancouverian Rainforest
  • *Grand fir forest – Abies grandis Alliance – G4 S2
    • Grand Fir Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • *Port Orford cedar forest – Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Alliance – G3 S3
    • Port Orford Cedar Forest (Holland) – G3 S2.1
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies concolor / Acer circinatum
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies concolor / Alnus viridis
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies concolor / Chrysolepis sempervirens (-Rhododendron occidentale – Leucothoe davisiae)
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies concolor / herb
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies concolor / Quercus sadleriana
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies concolor / Quercus vacciniifolia
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies concolor / Rhododendron occidentale
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies x shastensis – Picea breweri / Quercus sadleriana – Quercus vacciniifolia
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies x shastensis / Alnus viridis – Quercus sadleriana
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies x shastensis / Alnus viridis / Darlingtonia californica
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Abies x shastensis / Quercus sadleriana – Vaccinium membranaceum
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Calocedrus decurrens – Alnus rhombifolia
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Calocedrus decurrens / Quercus vacciniifolia
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pinus monticola / Alnus viridis
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pinus monticola / dry herb complex
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pinus monticola / Quercus vacciniifolia
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pinus monticola / Rhododendron neoglandulosum / Darlingtonia californica
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pinus monticola / Rhododendron occidentale – Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides – Rhododendron neoglandulosum
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pinus monticola / Vaccinium membranaceum
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pinus monticola / wet herb complex
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pseudotsuga menziesii – Lithocarpus densiflorus / Quercus vacciniifolia
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pseudotsuga menziesii – Lithocarpus densiflorus / Rhododendron macrophyllum
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Calycanthus occidentalis
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Corylus cornuta
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Quercus vacciniifolia
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Tsuga heterophylla / Chrysolepis sempervirens
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Tsuga heterophylla / Leucothoe davisiae
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana – Tsuga heterophylla / Rhododendron neoglandulosum
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Gaultheria shallon
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Quercus vacciniifolia – Rhododendron occidentale
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Rhododendron macrophyllum – Gaultheria shallon
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Rhododendron occidentale
    • *Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Rhododendron occidentale – Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides
  • *Sitka spruce forest – Picea sitchensis Alliance – G5 S2
    • Sitka Spruce Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • Sitka Spruce Grand Fir Forest (Holland) G4 S1.1
    • *Picea sitchensis – Tsuga heterophylla
    • *Picea sitchensis / Maianthemum dilatatum
    • *Picea sitchensis / Polystichum munitum
    • *Picea sitchensis / Rubus spectabilis
  • *Beach pine forest – Pinus contorta var. contorta Alliance – G5 S3
    • Beach Pine Forest (Holland) – G4 S2.1
    • *Pinus contorta var. contorta
    • *Pinus contorta ssp. contorta – Picea sitchensis
  • *Redwood forest – Sequoia sempervirens Alliance – G3 S3
    • Upland Redwood Forest (Holland) – G3 S2.3
    • *Sequoia sempervirens
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Acer macrophyllum – Umbellularia californica
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Acer macrophyllum / Polypodium californicum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Alnus rubra / Rubus spectabilis
    • North Coast Alluvial Redwood Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.2
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Arbutus menziesii / Vaccinium ovatum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Chrysolepis chrysophylla / Arctostaphylos glandulosa
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Lithocarpus densiflorus / Carex globosa – Iris douglasiana
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Lithocarpus densiflorus / Vaccinium ovatum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Pseudotsuga menziesii – Lithocarpus densiflorus – Chamaecyparis lawsoniana / Vaccinium ovatum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Pseudotsuga menziesii – Umbellularia californica
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Arbutus menziesii
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Gaultheria shallon
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Rhododendron macrophyllum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Pseudotsuga menziesii / Vaccinium ovatum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Tsuga heterophylla / Polystichum munitum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Tsuga heterophylla / Rubus spectabilis
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Tsuga heterophylla / Vaccinium ovatum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens – Umbellularia californica
    • *Sequoia sempervirens / (Pteridium aquilinum) – Woodwardia fimbriata
    • *Sequoia sempervirens / Arbutus menziesii
    • *Sequoia sempervirens / Blechnum spicant
    • *Sequoia sempervirens / Mahonia nervosa
    • *Sequoia sempervirens / Marah fabaceus – Vicia angustifolia
    • *Sequoia sempervirens / Oxalis oregana
    • *Sequoia sempervirens / Polystichum munitum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens / Pteridium aquilinum
    • *Sequoia sempervirens / Pteridium aquilinum – Trillium ovatum
  • *Western hemlock forest – Tsuga heterophylla Alliance – G5 S2
    • Western Hemlock Forest (Holland) – G4 S1.1
    • *Tsuga heterophylla – Pseudotsuga menziesii – Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
    • Coastal Douglas Fir Western Hemlock Forest (Holland) – G4 S2.1
Vancouverian Subalpine Forest

North American Intermountain Basins Scrub Woodland

Intermountain Basins Pinyon–Juniper Woodland
  • Mountain juniper woodland – Juniperus grandis Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Juniperus grandis – Cercocarpus ledifolius / Artemisia tridentata
    • *Juniperus grandis / Artemisia tridentata
  • *Utah juniper woodland – Juniperus osteosperma Alliance – G5 S3
    • *Juniperus osteosperma
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Ambrosia dumosa
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Artemisia tridentata – Ephedra viridis
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Artemisia tridentata – Purshia glandulosa – Ephedra nevadensis
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Atriplex confertifolia – (Tetradymia axillaris)
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Coleogyne ramosissima / (Achnatherum speciosum)
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Coleogyne ramosissima / Pleuraphis jamesii
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Ephedra nevadensis / Achnatherium speciosum
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Eriogonum fasciculatum
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Gutierrezia microcephala
    • *Juniperus osteosperma / Yucca baccata
  • *Two-needle pinyon stands – Pinus edulis Special Stands – G4 S2?
  • Singleleaf pinyon woodlands – Pinus monophylla Alliance – G5 S4
    • Mojavean Pinon Woodland (Holland) – G4 S3.2
    • Peninsular Pinon Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • Great Basin Pinon Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2

Temperate Flooded and Swamp Forest

Western Cool Temperate Scrub Swamp
Western Cordilleran Montane-Boreal Riparian Scrub

Western North America Warm Temperate Flooded and Swamp Forest

Southwestern North American Riparian, Flooded and Swamp Forest
  • Mojave Riparian Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • Great Valley Willow Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Southern Mixed Riparian Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • Southern Riparian Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Southern Willow Scrub (Holland) – G3 S2.1
  • *Box-elder forest – Acer negundo Alliance – G5 S2
    • *Acer negundo – Salix gooddingii
  • *Hinds’s walnut and related stands – Juglans hindsii and Hybrids Special Stands – G1 S1
    • Hinds Walnut Woodland (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • *California sycamore woodlands – Platanus racemosa Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Platanus racemosa – Populus fremontii
    • *Platanus racemosa – Populus fremontii / Salix lasiolepis
    • Central Coast Cottonwood Sycamore Riparian Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Platanus racemosa – Populus fremontii / Salix lasiolepis – Salix exigua / Scirpus americanus
    • *Platanus racemosa – Quercus agrifolia
    • *Platanus racemosa – Quercus agrifolia – Populus fremontii – Salix laevigata
    • *Platanus racemosa – Quercus agrifolia – Salix lasiolepis
    • *Platanus racemosa – Quercus agrifolia / Baccharis salicifolia / Artemisia douglasiana
    • *Platanus racemosa – Salix laevigata
    • *Platanus racemosa – Salix laevigata / Salix lasiolepis – Baccharis salicifolia
    • *Platanus racemosa / Adenostoma fasciculatum
    • *Platanus racemosa / annual grass
    • Sycamore Alluvial Woodland (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Platanus racemosa / Avena barbata
    • *Platanus racemosa / Baccharis salicifolia
    • *Platanus racemosa / Bromus hordeaceus
    • *Platanus racemosa / Toxicodendron diversilobum
  • *Fremont cottonwood forest – Populus fremontii Alliance – G4 S3
    • Modoc Great Basin Cottonwood Willow Riparian Forest (Holland) – G3 S2.1
    • Sonoran Cottonwood Willow Riparian Forest (Holland) – G2 S1.1
    • Great Valley Cottonwood Riparian Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Great Valley Mixed Riparian Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.2
    • Southern Cottonwood Willow Riparian Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Populus fremontii
    • *Populus fremontii – Juglans californica
    • *Populus fremontii – Prosopis pubescens
    • *Populus fremontii – Quercus agrifolia
    • *Populus fremontii – Salix (laevigata, lasiolepis, lucida ssp. lasiandra)
    • *Populus fremontii – Salix gooddingii / Baccharis salicifolia
    • *Populus fremontii – Salix laevigata
    • *Populus fremontii – Salix laevigata / Salix lasiolepis – Baccharis salicifolia
    • *Populus fremontii – Salix laevigata / Salix lasiolepis / Vitis girdiana
    • *Populus fremontii – Salix lasiolepis
    • *Populus fremontii – Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra
    • *Populus fremontii – Sambucus nigra
    • *Populus fremontii / Acer negundo
    • *Populus fremontii / Acer negundo / Rubus armeniacus
    • *Populus fremontii / Artemisia douglasiana
    • *Populus fremontii / Baccharis salicifolia
    • *Populus fremontii / Galium aparine
    • *Populus fremontii / Rubus ursinus
    • *Populus fremontii / Salix exigua
    • *Populus fremontii / Vitis californica
  • *Black willow thickets – Salix gooddingii Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Salix gooddingii
    • *Salix gooddingi – Populus fremontii
    • *Salix gooddingii – Quercus lobata / wetland herb
    • *Salix gooddingii – Salix laevigata
    • *Salix gooddingii – Salix lucida – Populus fremontii
    • *Salix gooddingii / Baccharis salicifolia
    • *Salix gooddingii / Lepidium latifolium
    • *Salix gooddingii / Rubus armeniacus
  • *Red willow thickets – Salix laevigata Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Salix laevigata
    • *Salix laevigata – Cornus sericea / Scirpus microcarpus
    • *Salix laevigata – Salix lasiolepis
    • *Salix laevigata – Salix lasiolepis / Artemisia douglasiana – Rubus ursinus
    • *Salix laevigata – Salix lasiolepis / Baccharis salicifolia
    • *Salix laevigata / Rosa californica
    • *Salix laevigata / Salix lasiolepis / Artemisia douglasiana
  • *California fan palm oasis – Washingtonia filifera Alliance – G3 S3
    • Desert Fan Palm Oasis Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Washingtonia filifera – Platanus racemosa / Salix spp
    • *Washingtonia filifera / spring (Atriplex – Baccharis – Pluchea)
  • *Emory’s baccharis thickets – Baccharis emoryi Provisional Alliance – G3 S2?
  • *Broom baccharis thickets – Baccharis sergiloides Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Baccharis sergiloides – Prunus fasciculata
    • *Baccharis sergiloides – Prunus fasciculata – Rhus trilobata
    • *Baccharis sergiloides / Muhlenbergia rigens
  • *Button willow thickets – Cephalanthus occidentalis Alliance – G5 S2
    • Buttonbush Scrub (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Cephalanthus occidentalis
  • *Desert olive patches – Forestiera pubescens Alliance – G3 S2
    • *Forestiera pubescens
    • *Forestiera pubescens – Sambucus nigra
    • Woodwardia Thicket (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • *Western azalea patches – Rhododendron occidentale Provisional Alliance – G3 S2?
  • *California rose briar patches – Rosa californica Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Rosa californica
    • *Rosa californica – Baccharis pilularis
    • *Rosa californica / Schoenoplectus spp.
  • *Brewer willow thickets – Salix breweri Alliance – G2 S2
    • *Salix breweri / Muhlenbergia asperifolia
  • Sandbar willow thickets – Salix exigua Alliance – G5 S4
    • *Salix exigua – Brickellia californica
  • Arroyo willow thickets – Salix lasiolepis Alliance – G4 S4
    • Southern Arroyo Willow Riparian Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Central Coast Riparian Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3
    • Central Coast Arroyo Willow Riparian Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Salix lasiolepis
  • *Blue elderberry stands – Sambucus nigra Alliance – G3 S3
    • Elderberry Savanna (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • *Sambucus nigra
    • *Sambucus nigra – Heteromeles arbutifolia
    • *Sambucus nigra / Leymus condensatus

Mediterranean Scrub

California Chaparral
  • Serpentine Digger Pine Chaparral Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Granitic Southern Mixed Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.3
  • Mafic Southern Mixed Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.2 CTT37122CA
  • Gabbroic Northern Mixed Chaparral (Holland) – G2 S1.1
  • Northern North Slope Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.3
  • Southern North Slope Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.3
  • Alluvial Fan Chaparral (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • Coastal Sage Chaparral Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Flannel Bush Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.3
  • Chamise chaparral – Adenostoma fasciculatum Alliance – G5 S5
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – (Arctostaphylos manzanita)
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – (Ceanothus greggii / mafic)
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Diplacus aurantiacus
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum serpentine
  • *Chamise – white sage chaparral – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Salvia apiana Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Salvia apiana
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Salvia apiana – Artemisia californica
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Salvia leucophylla
  • Chamise – black sage chaparral – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Salvia mellifera Alliance – G5 S5
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Salvia mellifera / mixed shrub
  • *Chamise – mission manzanita chaparral – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor Alliance – G4 S3
    • Southern Maritime Chaparral (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor – Ceanothus crassifolius
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor – Ceanothus crassifolius – Malosma laurina
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor – Ceanothus tomentosus
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor – Ceanothus verrucosus
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor – Cneoridium dumosum
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor – Eriogonum fasciculatum
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor – Quercus berberidifolia
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor – Rhus integrifolia
    • *Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor – Salvia mellifera – Malosma laurina
  • Bigberry manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos glauca Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Arctostaphylos glauca – Quercus durata / Pinus sabiniana
    • *Arctostaphylos glauca / Melica torreyana
  • *Hooker’s manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos hookeri Provisional Alliance – G2 S2
  • *Spiny menodora scrub – Arctostaphylos manzanita Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
  • White leaf manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos viscida Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Arctostaphylos viscida / Salvia sonomensis
    • *(Arctostaphylos viscida – Adenostoma fasciculatum) / Salvia sonomensis
  • Wedge leaf ceanothus chaparral, Buck brush chaparral – Ceanothus cuneatus Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Ceanothus cuneatus / Plantago erecta
  • *Thick leaf yerba santa scrub – Eriodictyon crassifolium Provisional Alliance – G3 S3
  • *Brittle leaf – Woolly leaf manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos (crustacea, tomentosa) Alliance – G2 S2
    • Northern Maritime Chaparral (Holland) – G1 S1.2
    • Central Maritime Chaparral (Holland) – G2 S2.2
    • Island Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.1
  • *Hoary manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos canescens Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
    • *Arctostaphylos canescens – Arctostaphylos glandulosa – Adenostoma fasciculatum
    • *Arctostaphylos crustacea
    • *Arctostaphylos crustacea – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Ceanothus (cuneatus, papillosus)
    • *Arctostaphylos crustacea – Arctostaphylos gabilanensis
  • *Hoover’s manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos hooveri Alliance – G2 S2
    • *Arctostaphylos hooveri
  • *Monterey manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos montereyensis Provisional Alliance – G1 S1
  • *Morro manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos morroensis Alliance – G1 S1
  • *Ione manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Alliance – G1 S1
    • Ione Chaparral (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Arctostaphylos myrtifolia
  • *Glossy leaf manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos (nummularia, sensitiva) Alliance – G2 S2
  • *Pajaro manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos pajaroensis Alliance – G1 S1
    • *Arctostaphylos pajaroensis
  • *Sandmat manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos pumila Provisional Alliance – G1 S1
    • *Arctostaphylos sensitiva – Vaccinium ovatum – Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. minor
    • *Arctostaphylos sensitiva – Arctostaphylos glandulosa
  • *Burton Mesa chaparral – Arctostaphylos (purissima, rudis) Provisional Alliance – G1 S1
  • *Silverleaf manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos silvicola Provisional Alliance – G1 S1
  • *Stanford manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos stanfordiana Provisional Alliance – G3 S3?
  • *Wart leaf ceanothus chaparral – Ceanothus papillosus Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Ceanothus papillosus – Adenostoma fasciculata
  • *Wart-stemmed ceanothus chaparral – Ceanothus verrucosus Provisional Alliance – G2 S2
  • *Island scrub oak chaparral – Quercus pacifica Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Quercus pacifica
  • *Lemonade berry scrub – Rhus integrifolia Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Rhus integrifolia
    • *Rhus integrifolia – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Artemisia californica
    • *Rhus integrifolia – Artemisia californica – Eriogonum cinereum
    • *Rhus integrifolia – Opuntia spp – Eriogonum cinereum
    • *Rhus integrifolia – Salvia mellifera – Artemisia californica
  • *Toyon chaparral – Heteromeles arbutifolia Alliance – G5 S3
    • *Heteromeles arbutifolia – Artemisia californica
    • *Heteromeles arbutifolia – Malosma laurina
    • *Heteromeles arbutifolia – Quercus berberidifolia – Cercocarpus montanus – Fraxinus dipetala
    • *Heteromeles arbutifolia / serpentine
  • *Holly leaf cherry chaparral – Prunus ilicifolia Alliance – G3 S3
    • Island Cherry Forest (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Mainland Cherry Forest (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Prunus ilicifolia ssp. ilicifolia
    • *Prunus ilicifolia ssp. ilicifolia – Ceanothus cuneatus
    • *Prunus ilicifolia ssp. ilicifolia – Fraxinus dipetala
    • *Prunus ilicifolia ssp. ilicifolia – Heteromeles arbutifolia
    • *Prunus ilicifolia ssp. ilicifolia – Toxicodendron diversilobum / grass
    • *Prunus ilicifolia ssp. Ilicifolia / Sanicula crassicaulis
    • *Prunus ilicifolia ssp. lyonii
  • Scrub oak chaparral – Quercus berberidifolia Alliance – G4 S4
    • Scrub Oak Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.3
    • *Quercus berberidifolia – Ceanothus oliganthus
  • *Stands of Baker manzanita – Arctostaphylos bakeri Special Stands – G1 S1
  • *Mount Tamalpais manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos montana Alliance – G2 S2
    • *Arctostaphylos montana
    • *Arctostaphylos montana – Adenostoma fasciculatum
  • Leather oak chaparral – Quercus durata Alliance – G4 S4
    • Mixed Serpentine Chaparral (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Leather Oak Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Quercus durata – Adenostoma fasciculatum / Salvia sonomensis
    • *Quercus durata – Arctostaphylos glandulosa
    • *Quercus durata – Arctostaphylos glauca – Artemisia californica / Grass
    • *Quercus durata – Arctostaphylos glauca – Garrya congdonii / Melica torreyana
    • *Quercus durata – Arctostaphylos pungens / Pinus sabiniana
    • *Quercus durata – Frangula californica – Arctostaphylos glauca
    • *Quercus durata / Allium falcifolium – Streptanthus batrachopus
  • Eastwood manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos glandulosa Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Arctostaphylos glandulosa – Adenostoma fasciculatum / mafic soils
    • *Arctostaphylos glandulosa – Arctostaphylos pringlei
    • *Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. adamsii
  • *Pink-bract manzanita chaparral – Arctostaphylos pringlei ssp. drupacea Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Arctostaphylos pringlei ssp. drupacea
    • *Arctostaphylos pringlei ssp. drupacea – Arctostaphylos pungens
  • *Hairy leaf ceanothus chaparral – Ceanothus oliganthus Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Ceanothus oliganthus
    • *Ceanothus oliganthus – Adenostoma fasciculatum
    • *Ceanothus oliganthus – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Xylococcus bicolor
    • *Ceanothus oliganthus – Adenostoma sparsifolium
    • *Ceanothus oliganthus – Arctostaphylos glandulosa
    • *Ceanothus oliganthus – Eriodictyon crassifolium
    • *Ceanothus oliganthus – Heteromeles arbutifolia – Rhus ovata
    • *Ceanothus oliganthus – Quercus berberidifolia
  • *Canyon live oak chaparral – Quercus chrysolepis Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Quercus chrysolepis
California Coastal Scrub
  • Riversidian Upland Sage Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.1
  • Riversidian Alluvial Fan Sage Scrub (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • Riversidian Desert Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.1
  • Diegan Coastal Sage Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.1
  • Venturan Coastal Sage Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.1
  • Diablan Sage Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.3
  • *Bush monkeyflower scrub – Diplacus aurantiacus Alliance – G3 S3?
    • *Diplacus aurantiacus
  • *California brittle bush scrub – Encelia californica Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Encelia californica
    • *Encelia californica – Artemisia californica
    • *Encelia californica – Artemisia californica – Salvia mellifera – Baccharis pilularis
    • *Encelia californica – Eriogonum cinereum
    • *Encelia californica – Malosma laurina – Salvia mellifera
    • *Encelia californica – Rhus integrifolia
  • *Ashy buckwheat scrub – Eriogonum cinereum Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Eriogonum cinereum
  • *Heermann’s buckwheat patches – Eriogonum heermannii Provisional Alliance – G2 S2?
  • California buckwheat scrub – Eriogonum fasciculatum Alliance – G5 S5
    • *Eriogonum fasciculatum – (Lepidospartum squamatum) alluvial fan
    • *Eriogonum fasciculatum – Artemisia tridentata
  • California buckwheat – white sage scrub – Eriogonum fasciculatum – Salvia apiana Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Eriogonum fasciculatum – Salvia apiana
  • *Island buckwheat – Island tar plant scrub – Deinandra clementina – Eriogonum giganteum Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
  • *Wright’s buckwheat patches – Eriogonum wrightii Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Eriogonum wrightii – Eriophyllum confertiflorum / Monardella antonina ssp. benitensis
    • *Eriogonum wrightii – Juniperus californica
    • *Eriogonum wrightii – Lessingia filaginifolia
    • *Keckellia antirhinoides – Eriogonum fasciculatum
    • *Keckellia antirrhinoides
    • *Keckellia antirrhinoides – Artemisia californica
  • *Bush penstemon scrub – Keckiella antirrhinoides Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Keckiella antirrhinoides – Mixed Chaparral
  • *White sage scrub – Salvia apiana Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Salvia apiana – Artemisia californica
    • *Salvia apiana – Encelia farinosa
    • *Salvia apiana – Hesperoyucca whipplei
  • Black sage scrub – Salvia mellifera Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Salvia mellifera – Eriogonum cinereum
    • *Salvia mellifera – Opuntia littoralis
  • Upper Sonoran Subshrub Scrub (Holland) – G4 S3.2
  • *Narrowleaf goldenbush scrub – Ericameria linearifolia Provisional Alliance – G3 S3?
  • *Palmer’s goldenbush scrub – Ericameria palmeri Provisional Alliance – G3 S3?
  • *California match weed patches – Gutierrezia californica Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
    • *Gutierrezia californica / Annual – perennial grass – herb
  • *Sawtooth golden bush scrub – Hazardia squarrosa Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Hazardia squarrosa – Artemisia californica
    • *Hazardia squarrosa / Nassella pulchra – Deinandra fasciculata
  • Menzies’s golden bush scrub – Isocoma menziesii Alliance – G4? S4?
    • *Isocoma menziesii / Astragalus miguelensis – Atriplex californica – Lasthenia californica
  • Broom patches – Broom (Cytisus scoparius and Others) Semi-natural Stands
    • *Spartium junceum

Mediterranean Grassland and Forb Meadow

California Annual and Perennial Grassland
  • Native Grassland (Holland) – G3 S3.1
  • Serpentine Bunchgrass (Holland) – G2 S2.2
  • Wildflower Field (Holland) – G2 S2.2
  • California goldfields – Dwarf plantain – Six-weeks fescue flower fields – Lasthenia californica – Plantago erecta – Vulpia microstachys Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Lasthenia californica – Atriplex coronata var. notatior
    • *Lasthenia californica – Lupinus bicolor – Layia platyglossa – Bromus spp.
    • *Lasthenia californica – Plantago erecta – Hesperevax sparsiflora
    • *Lasthenia ferrisiae – Lasthenia conjugens
    • *Vulpia microstachys – Elymus elymoides – Achnatherum lemmonii
    • *Vulpia microstachys – Lasthenia californica – Agrostis elliottiana
    • *Vulpia microstachys – Navarretia tagetina
    • *Vulpia microstachys – Plantago erecta
    • *Vulpia microstachys – Selaginella hansenii
    • *Vulpia microstachys – Selaginella hansenii – Lupinus nanus
    • *Vulpia microstachys – Selaginella hansenii – Lupinus spectabilis
  • *Giant wild rye grassland – Leymus condensatus Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Leymus condensatus
  • *Torrey’s melic grass patches – Melica torreyana Provisional Alliance – G2 S2?
    • *Melica torreyana
  • *Nodding needle grass grassland – Nassella cernua Provisional Alliance – G4 S3?
  • *Foothill needle grass grassland – Nassella lepida Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
  • *Purple needle grass grassland – Nassella pulchra Alliance – G4 S3?
    • Valley Needlegrass Grassland (Holland) – G3 S3.1
    • *Nassella pulchra
    • *Nassella pulchra – Avena fatua
    • *Nassella pulchra – Avena spp. – Bromus spp.
    • *Nassella pulchra – Distichlis spicata – Bromus spp.
    • *Nassella pulchra – Erodium spp. – Avena barbata
    • *Nassella pulchra – Leontodon taraxicoides
    • *Nassella pulchra – Lolium perenne (-Trifolium spp.)
    • *Nassella pulchra – Lolium perenne – Astragalus gambelianus – Lepidium nitidum
    • *Nassella pulchra – Lolium perenne – Calystegia collina
    • *Nassella pulchra – Melica californica – annual grass
    • *Nassella pulchra – Sanicula bipinnatifida
    • *Nassella pulchra / Baccharis pilularis
    • *Nassella pulchra / Hazardia squarrosa

Temperate Grassland, Meadow, and Shrubland

Western Cordilleran Montane-Boreal Wet Meadow
  • *Douglas’ sedge meadows – Carex douglasii Provisional Alliance – G4? S2?
  • *Mountain heather mats – Phyllodoce empetriformis Provisional Alliance – G5 S2?
  • *Different-nerve sedge patches – Carex heteroneura Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
    • *Carex heteroneura – Achillea millefolium
  • *Small-fruited sedge meadows – Carex integra Provisional Alliance – G4? S2?
  • *Jones’s sedge turf – Carex jonesii Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Carex jonesii
    • *Carex jonesii – Bistorta bistortoides
    • *Carex jonesii / Sphagnum subsecundum
  • *Slender sedge meadows – Carex lasiocarpa Provisional Alliance – G5? S3?
    • *Carex lasiocarpa
  • *Woodland sedge fens – Carex luzulina Provisional Alliance – G3 S2?
  • *Small-winged sedge meadows – Carex microptera Provisional Alliance – G4 S2?
  • *Short-beaked sedge meadows – Carex simulata Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Carex simulata
    • *Carex simulata – Carex utriculata
    • *Carex simulata – Carex vesicaria
    • *Carex simulata / Aulacomnium palustre
    • *Carex simulata / Philonotis fontana
  • *Mount Shasta sedge meadows – Carex straminiformis Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
  • *Dark alpine sedge turf – Carex subnigricans Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Carex subnigricans – Antennaria media
    • *Carex subnigricans – Deschampsia caespitosa
    • *Carex subnigricans – Dodecatheon alpinum
    • *Carex subnigricans – Oreostemma alpigenum
    • *Carex subnigricans – Pedicularis attollens
    • *Carex vernacula – Antennaria media
  • Tufted hair grass meadows – Deschampsia caespitosa Alliance – G5 S4?
    • *Deschampsia caespitosa
    • *Deschampsia caespitosa – Anthoxanthum odoratum
    • *Deschampsia caespitosa – Cardamine breweri
    • *Deschampsia caespitosa – Horkelia marinensis
    • *Deschampsia caespitosa – Lilaeopsis masonii
    • *Deschampsia caespitosa – Trifolium longipes
    • *Deschampsia caespitosa var. holciformis
  • *Sierra rush marshes – Juncus nevadensis Alliance – G3? S3?
    • *Juncus nevadensis
    • *Juncus nevadensis – Carex leporinella
    • *Juncus nevadensis – Eleocharis quinqueflora
  • *Long-stalk clover meadows – Trifolium longipes Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
Western North American Temperate Grassland and Meadow
  • *Purple three-awn meadows – Aristida purpurea Provisional Alliance – G4 S3?
  • *Blue wild rye meadows – Elymus glaucus Alliance – G3? S3?
    • *Elymus glaucus
    • *Elymus glaucus – Carex feta
    • *Elymus glaucus – Carex pellita
    • *Elymus glaucus – Heracleum lanatum
  • Bald Hills Prairie (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • *Idaho fescue grassland – Festuca idahoensis Alliance – G4 S3?
    • *Festuca idahoensis – Achillea millefolium
    • *Festuca idahoensis – Bromus carinatus
    • *Festuca idahoensis – Festuca rubra
  • *Ashy ryegrass meadows – Leymus cinereus Alliance – G4 S2
  • *Curly blue grass grassland – Poa secunda Alliance – G4 S3?
    • Pine Bluegrass Grassland (Holland) – G3 S2.2
    • *Poa secunda – Danthonia unispicata
    • *Poa secunda ssp. juncifolia
    • *Poa secunda ssp. secunda
Western Cordilleran Montane Shrubland and Grassland
  • *Bluejoint reed grass meadows – Calamagrostis canadensis Alliance – G5 S3
    • *Calamagrostis canadensis
    • *Calamagrostis canadensis – Carex utriculata
    • *Calamagrostis canadensis – Dodecatheon redolens
    • *Calamagrostis canadensis – Scirpus microcarpus
  • Dry Montane Meadow (Holland) – G4 S3.2
  • *Wild mountain oat grass meadows – Danthonia intermedia Alliance – G4? S3?
    • *Danthonia intermedia – Antennaria rosea
    • *Danthonia intermedia – Ptilagrostis kingii
  • *Meadow barley patches – Hordeum brachyantherum Alliance – G4 S3?
    • *Hordeum brachyantherum
    • *Hordeum brachyantherum – Poa pratensis
    • *Hordeum brachyantherum – Polypogon monspeliensis
    • *Hordeum brachyantherum – Senecio triangularis
  • *Heretic penstemon patches – Penstemon heterodoxus Provisional Alliance – G4? S3?
    • *Antennaria alpina – Penstemon heterodoxus
  • *Ocean spray brush – Holodiscus discolor Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Holodiscus discolor – Arctostaphylos patula
    • *Holodiscus discolor – Keckiella corymbosa
    • *Holodiscus discolor – Sambucus racemosa
    • *Holodiscus discolor / Achnatherum occidentalis – Eriogonum nudum
    • *Holodiscus discolor / Mimulus suksdorfii
    • *Holodiscus discolor / Sedum obsusatum ssp. boreale – Cryptogramma acrostichoides
  • Deer brush chaparral – Ceanothus integerrimus Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Ceanothus integerrimus – Quercus garryana var. fruticosa
  • *Silver sagebrush scrub – Artemisia cana Alliance – G5 S3
    • *Artemisia cana – Muhlenbergia richardsonis
    • *Artemisia cana / cold
    • *Artemisia cana / dry graminoid
    • *Artemisia cana / Iris missouriensis – Juncus arcticus var. balticus
    • *Artemisia cana / Juncus arcticus var. balticus
    • *Artemisia cana / mesic (Poa secunda – Poa cusickii)
    • *Artemisia cana / warm
  • *Basket bush thickets – Rhus trilobata Provisional Alliance – G4 S3?
  • *Choke cherry thickets – Prunus virginiana Provisional Alliance – G4 S2?
  • *Oak gooseberry thickets – Ribes quercetorum Provisional Alliance – G2 S2?
Vancouverian Lowland Grassland and Shrubland
  • Coastal Terrace Prairie (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • *Pacific reed grass meadows – Calamagrostis nutkaensis Alliance – G4 S2
    • *Calamagrostis nutkaensis
    • *Calamagrostis nutkaensis – Baccharis pilularis
    • *Calamagrostis nutkaensis – Carex obnupta. – Juncus spp.
  • *California oat grass prairie – Danthonia californica Provisional Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Danthonia californica
    • *Danthonia californiaca – Aira caryophyllea
    • *Danthonia californica – Arrhenatherum elatius
    • *Danthonia californica – Elymus elymoides
    • *Danthonia californica – Muhlenbergia filiformis
  • *Red fescue grassland – Festuca rubra Alliance – G4 S3? *
    • *Festuca rubra
    • *Corylus cornuta / Polystichum munitum
  • *Hazelnut scrub – Corylus cornuta var. californica Alliance – G3 S2?
  • *Coastal brambles – Rubus (parviflorus, spectabilis, ursinus) Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Gaultheria shallon – Rubus spectabiis – Rubus parviflorus
    • *Rubus parviflorus
    • *Rubus parviflorus – Rubus spectabilis – Rubus ursinus
    • *Rubus spectabilis
    • *Rubus ursinus

Western North America Interior Sclerophyllous Shrubland

Warm Interior Chaparral
  • Semi Desert Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Redshank chaparral – Adenostoma sparsifolium Alliance – G4 S4
    • Red Shank Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Adenostoma sparsifolium
    • *Adenostoma sparsifolium – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Arctostaphylos pungens
    • *Adenostoma sparsifolium – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Ceanothus greggii
    • *Adenostoma sparsifolium – Adenostoma fasciculatum – Cercocarpus montanus
  • *Cup leaf ceanothus chaparral – Ceanothus greggii Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Ceanothus greggii
    • *Ceanothus greggii – Adenostoma fasciculatum
  • *Sonoran live oak scrub – Quercus turbinella Alliance – G4 S1
    • *Quercus turbinella – Baccharis sergiloides
    • *Quercus turbinella / Pinus monophylla
  • Sugarbush chaparral – Rhus ovata Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Rhus ovata – Ziziphus parryi
Western North American Cool/Montane Sclerophyllous Evergreen Scrub
  • *Bush chinquapin chaparral – Chrysolepis sempervirens Alliance – G4 S3
    • Bush Chinquapin Chaparral (Holland) – G3 S3.3
    • *Chrysolepis sempervirens
  • *Shrub tanoak chaparral – Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides / Arctostaphylos nevadensis
    • *Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides / Pteridium aquilinum
  • *Sadler oak or deer oak brush fields – Quercus sadleriana Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Quercus sadleriana

Temperate and Boreal Scrub and Herb Coastal Vegetation

Vancouverian Coastal Dune and Bluff
  • Active Coastal Dunes (Holland) – G3 S2.2
  • Northern Foredunes (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • Northern Foredune Grassland (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • Central Foredunes (Holland) – G1 S1.2
  • Southern Foredunes (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • Northern Dune Scrub (Holland) – G2 S1.2
  • Central Dune Scrub (Holland) – G2 S2.2
  • Southern Dune Scrub (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • Northern Coastal Bluff Scrub (Holland) – G2 S2.2
  • Northern Salal Scrub (Holland) – G4 S3.2
  • Southern Coastal Bluff Scrub (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • *Dune mat – Abronia latifolia – Ambrosia chamissonis Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Abronia latifolia – Erigeron glaucus
    • *Abronia latifolia – Leymus mollis
    • *Ambrosia chamissonis – Abronia maritima – Cakile maritima
    • *Ambrosia chamissonis – Abronia umbellata
    • *Ambrosia chamissonis – Eriophyllum staechadifolium (- Lupinus arboreus)
    • *Ambrosia chamissonis – Malacothrix incana – Carpobrotus chilensis – Poa douglasii
    • *Artemisia pycnocephala – Calystegia soldanella
    • *Artemisia pycnocephala – Cardionema ramosissimum
    • *Artemisia pycnocephala – Ericameria ericoides
    • *Artemisia pycnocephala – Poa douglasii
    • *Poa douglasii – Lathyrus littoralis 
  • *Sand dune sedge swaths – Carex pansa Provisional Alliance – G4? S3?
  • *Sea lyme grass patches – Leymus mollis Alliance – G4 S2
    • *Leymus mollis – Abronia latifolia – (Cakile sp.)
    • *Leymus mollis – Ammophila arenaria
    • *Leymus mollis – Carpobrotus edulis
  • Coyote brush scrub – Baccharis pilularis Alliance – G5 S5
    • Central Lucian Coastal Scrub (Holland) G3 S3.3
    • *Baccharis pilularis – Holodiscus discolor
    • *Baccharis pilularis / Carex obnupta – Juncus patens
    • *Baccharis pilularis / Danthonia californica
    • *Baccharis pilularis / Deschampsia caespitosa
    • *Baccharis pilularis / Eriophyllum staechadifolium
    • *Baccharis pilularis / Leymus triticoides
    • *Baccharis pilularis / Nassella pulchra
    • *Baccharis pilularis / Polystichum munitum
  • California coffee berry scrub – Frangula californica Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Frangula californica spp. tomentella / Hoita macrostachya
    • *Frangula californica – Baccharis pilularis / Scrophularia californica
  • *Coastal silk tassel scrub – Garrya elliptica Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
    • Silk Tassel Forest (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • Northern Silk Tassel Scrub (Holland) – G3 S2.3
  • Yellow bush lupine scrub – Lupinus arboreus Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Lupinus arboreus – Ericameria ericoides
    • *Ericameria ericoides
  • *Silver dune lupine – mock heather scrub – Lupinus chamissonis – Ericameria ericoides Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Lupinus chamissonis
    • *Lupinus chamissonis – Ericameria ericoides
  • *Canyon sunflower scrub – Venegasia carpesioides Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Venegasia carpesioides

Temperate and Boreal Bog and Fen*

Western North American Montane/Boreal Peatland*
  • Fen (Holland) – G2 S1.2
  • *Shore sedge fens – Carex limosa Alliance – G4? S2? *
    • *Carex limosa – Menyanthes trifoliata
    • *Carex limosa – Mimulus primuloides
    • *Carex limosa / Drepanocladus sordidus
  • *Three-way sedge meadows – Dulichium arundinaceum Provisional Alliance – G3? S1
    • *Dulichium arundinaceum
    • Darlingtonia Seep (Holland) G4 S3.2
  • *California pitcher plant fens – Darlingtonia californica Alliance – G4? S3
    • *Darlingtonia californica
  • *Western Labrador-tea thickets – Rhododendron neoglandulosum Alliance – G4 S2?
    • Ledum Swamp (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • *Rhododendron neoglandulosum
    • *Rhododendron neoglandulosum – Kalmia microphylla / Pinus contorta
  • *Western false asphodel – California bog asphodel fens – Triantha occidentalis – Narthecium californicum Alliance – G2? S2?
    • *Triantha occidentalis – Rhynchospora alba
    • *Triantha occidentalis / Sphagnum teres
    • *Triantha occidentalis – Narthecium californicum 
  • *Bog blue berry wet meadows – Vaccinium uliginosum Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Vaccinium uliginosum
    • *Vaccinium uliginosum / Aulacomnium palustre
    • *Vaccinium uliginosum / Sphagnum teres
    • *Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. occidentale / Bistorta bistortoides
    • Sphagnum Bog (Holland) – G3 S1.2

Temperate and Boreal Freshwater Marsh

Western North American Freshwater Marsh
  • Coastal and Valley Freshwater Marsh (Holland) – G3 S2.1
  • Transmontane Freshwater Marsh (Holland) – G3 S2.2
  • *Pacific silverweed marshes – Argentina egedii Alliance – G4 S2
    • *Argentina egedii
    • *Argentina egedii – Eleocharis macrostachya
    • *Argentina egedii – Alopecurus aequalis
    • *Argentina egedii – Lotus uliginosus
  • *Slough sedge swards – Carex obnupta Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Carex obnupta
    • *Carex obnupta – Juncus lescurii
    • *Carex obnupta – Juncus patens
  • *Salt rush swales – Juncus lescurii Alliance – G3 S2?
    • *Juncus lescurii
    • *Juncus (lescurii) – Distichlis spicata
  • *Water-parsley marsh – Oenanthe sarmentosa Alliance – G4 S2?
    • *Oenanthe sarmentosa
  • *Small-fruited bulrush marsh – Scirpus microcarpus Alliance – G4 S2
    • *Scirpus microcarpus
    • *Scirpus microcarpus – Oxypolis occidentalis
    • *Scirpus microcarpus – Scirpus congdonii
Western North America Vernal Pool
  • Northern Basalt Flow Vernal Pool (Holland) – G3 S2.2
  • Northern Volcanic Ash Vernal Pool (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • Northern Volcanic Mud Flow Vernal Pool (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • Northern Vernal Pool (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • Northern Hardpan Vernal Pool (Holland) – G3 S3.1
  • Northern Claypan Vernal Pool (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • San Diego Mesa Claypan Vernal Pool (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • San Diego Mesa Hardpan Vernal Pool (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • Southern Interior Basalt Flow Vernal Pool (Holland) – G1 S1.2
  • Southern Vernal Pool (Holland) – G? SNR
  • Vernal Marsh (Holland) – G2 S2.1
  • *Water foxtail meadows – Alopecurus geniculatus Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
  • *Fremont’s goldfields – Downingia vernal pools – Lasthenia fremontii – Downingia (bicornuta) Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Downingia (bicornuta, cuspidata)
    • *Downingia bicornuta
    • *Eryngium (vaseyi, castrense)
    • *Lasthenia californica – Downingia bicornuta
    • *Lasthenia fremontii
    • *Lasthenia fremontii – Downingia bicornuta
    • *Lasthenia fremontii – Downingia ornatissima
    • Ranunculus bonariensis – Holocarpha virgata
  • Pale spike rush marshes – Eleocharis macrostachya Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Eleocharis macrostachya – (Pleuropogon californicus)
    • *Eleocharis macrostachya – Callitriche hermaphroditica
    • *Eleocharis macrostachya – Eryngium aristulatum ssp. parishii
    • *Eleocharis macrostachya – Lasthenia glaberrima
    • *Eleocharis macrostachya – Marsilea vestita
    • *Eleocharis macrostachya – Sagittaria montevidensis
  • *Needle spike rush stands – Eleocharis acicularis Alliance – G4? S3?
    • *Eleocharis acicularis – Eryngium castrense
    • *Navarretia spp. – (Eleocharis acicularis – Eryngium alismaefolium)
    • *Plagiobothrys mollis – (Eleocharis acicularis – Eryngium mathiasiae)
  • *California button-celery patches – Eryngium aristulatum Alliance – G3 S3?
    • *Eryngium aristulatum – Lupinus bicolor
  • *Gum plant patches – Grindelia (stricta) Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
  • *Tar plant fields – Centromadia (pungens) Alliance – G2? S2?
    • *Centromadia pungens – Downingia bella
    • *Centromadia pungens ssp. laevis
  • *Clustered tarweed fields – Deinandra fasciculata Alliance – G3? S3?
    • *Deinandra fasciculata – annual grass-herb
    • *Deinandra fasciculata – Hordeum depressum – Atriplex coronata var. notatior 
  • *Fremont’s goldfields – Saltgrass alkaline vernal pools – Lasthenia fremontii – Distichlis spicata Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Lasthenia fremontii – Distichlis spicata
    • *Downingia bella – Lilaea scilloides
    • *Downingia cuspidata – Myosurus minimus
    • *Downingia insignis – Psilocarphus brevissimus
    • *Downingia pulchella – Cressa truxillensis
    • *Downingia pulchella – Distichlis spicata
    • *Lasthenia fremontii – Pleuropogon californicus
    • *Limnanthes douglasii ssp. rosea – Pleuropogon californicus
    • *Lasthenia platycarpha – Lepidium latipes
  • *Smooth goldfields vernal pool bottoms – Lasthenia glaberrima Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Lasthenia glaberrima – Atriplex persistens
    • *Lasthenia glaberrima – Downingia bicornuta
    • *Lasthenia glaberrima – Downingia insignis
    • *Lasthenia glaberrima – Lupinus bicolor
    • *Lasthenia glaberrima – Pleuropogon californicus
    • *Lasthenia glaberrima – Pogogyne douglasii
    • *Lasthenia glaberrima – Trifolium variegatum
  • *Fremont’s tidy-tips – Blow wives vernal pools – Layia fremontii – Achyrachaena mollis Alliance – G3 S3?
    • *Layia fremontii – Achyrachaena mollis
    • *Layia fremontii – Lasthenia californica – Achyrachaena mollis
    • *Layia fremontii – Leontodon taraxacoides – Plagiobothrys greenei
    • *Plagiobothrys austina – Achyrachaena mollis
  • *Water blinks – Annual checkerbloom vernal pools – Montia fontana – Sidalcea calycosa Alliance – G2 S2
    • *Montia fontana – Sidalcea calycosa
  • *White-tip clover swales – Trifolium variegatum Alliance – G3? S3?
    • *Trifolium gracilentum – Hesperevax caulescens
    • *Trifolium variegatum
    • *Trifolium variegatum – Lolium perenne – Leontodon taraxacoides
    • *Trifolium variegatum – Vulpia bromoides (Hypochaeris glabra – Leontodon taraxacoides)
    • *(Trifolium variegatum – Vulpia bromoides) – Hypochaeris glabra – Leontodon taraxacoides
Western North America Wet Meadow and Low Shrub Carr
  • Wet Montane Meadow (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Freshwater Seep (Holland) – G4 S3.2
  • Montane Freshwater Marsh (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Wet Subalpine or Alpine Meadow (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • *Small camas meadows – Camassia quamash Alliance – G4? S3?
    • *Camassia quamash / Sphagnum subsecundum
  • *Water sedge and Lakeshore sedge meadows – Carex (aquatilis, lenticularis) Alliance – G5 S3
    • *Carex aquatilis
    • *Carex aquatilis – Carex lenticularis
  • *Dense sedge marshes – Carex densa Provisional Alliance – G2? S2?
    • *Carex densa – Juncus xiphioides
    • *Carex densa – Lolium perenne – Juncus spp.
    • *Carex lenticularis / Aulacomnium palustre
    • *Carex lenticularis / Perideridia parishii
  • *Showy sedge sod – Carex nigricans Provisional Alliance – G4 S3?
  • *Sierra alpine sedge turf – Carex scopulorum Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Carex scopulorum
    • *Carex scopulorum – Allium validum
    • *Carex scopulorum – Eleocharis quinquefolia
    • *Carex scopulorum – Eriophorum crinigerum
    • *Carex scopulorum – Mimulus primuloides
    • *Carex scopulorum – Pedicularis groenlandica
    • *Carex scopulorum / Aulacomnium palustre
    • *Carex scopulorum / Oreostemma alpigenum
  • Few-flowered spike rush marshes – Eleocharis quinqueflora Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Eleocharis quinqueflora – Mimulus primuloides
    • *Eleocharis quinqueflora / Aulacomnium palustre
    • *Eleocharis quinqueflora / Campylium stellatum
    • *Eleocharis quinqueflora / Drepanocladus aduncus – Drepanocladus sordidus
    • *Eleocharis quinqueflora / Philonotis fontana
  • *Manna grass meadows – Glyceria (elata, striata) Alliance – G4 S3?
    • *Glyceria elata
    • *Glyceria elata – Lotus oblongifolius
    • *Glyceria elata – Scirpus microcarpus
    • *Glyceria striata
  • *Northwest manna grass marshes – Glyceria occidentalis Provisional Alliance – G3? S3?
  • *Western cowbane meadows – Oxypolis occidentalis Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Oxypolis occidentalis – Bistorta bistortoides
    • *Oxypolis occidentalis – Carex amplifolia
    • *Oxypolis occidentalis – Eleocharis montevidensis
    • *Oxypolis occidentalis – Senecio triangularis
    • *Oxypolis occidentalis / Philonotis fontana
  • *Floating mats of weak manna grass – Torreyochloa pallida Alliance – G3 S3?
    • *Torreyochloa pallida
    • *Torreyochloa pallida – Isoetes bolanderi
  • *White-root beds – Carex barbarae Alliance – G2? S2?
    • *Carex barbarae
  • *Torrent sedge patches – Carex nudata Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Carex nudata
  • *Twotooth sedge seeps – Carex serratodens Provisional Alliance – G3 S3?
  • *Fountain thistle seeps – Cirsium fontinale Alliance – G1 S1
    • *Cirsium fontinale var. campylon – Carex serratodens – Hordeum brachyantherum
    • *Cirsium fontinale var. campylon – Hemizonia congesta var. luzulifolia
    • *Cirsium fontinale var. campylon – Mimulus guttatus – Stachys pycnantha
  • *Iris-leaf rush seeps – Juncus (oxymeris, xiphioides) Provisional Alliance – G2? S2?
  • *Creeping rye grass turfs – Leymus triticoides Alliance – G4 S3
    • Valley Wildrye Grassland (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • *Leymus triticoides
    • *Leymus triticoides – Anemopsis californica
    • *Leymus triticoides – Bromus spp. – Avena spp.
    • *Leymus triticoides – Carduus pycnocephalus – Geranium dissectum
    • *Leymus triticoides – Lolium perenne
    • *Leymus triticoides – Poa secunda 
  • *Common monkey flower seeps – Mimulus (guttatus) Alliance – G4? S3?
    • *Mimulus guttatus
    • *Mimulus guttatus – (Mimulus spp.)
    • *Mimulus guttatus – Vulpia microstachys
    • *Mimulus lewisii
    • *Mimulus primuloides
  • *Deer grass beds – Muhlenbergia rigens Alliance – G3 S2?
    • *Muhlenbergia rigens

Temperate and Boreal Pacific Coastal Salt Marsh

North American Pacific Coastal Salt Marsh
  • Salt grass flats – Distichlis spicata Alliance – G5 S4
    • *Distichlis spicata – Ambrosia chamissonis
    • *Distichlis spicata – Frankenia salina – Jaumea carnosa
    • *Distichlis spicata – Jaumea carnosa
    • *Distichlis spicata – Juncus cooperi
    • *Distichlis spicata – Sarcocornia pacifica
    • *Distichlis spicata / Allenrolfea occidentalis
    • *Distichlis spicata / Chrysothamnus albidus
    • *Distichlis spicata / Sarcobatus vermiculatus
  • *Salt marsh bulrush marshes – Bulboschoenus maritimus Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Bolboschoenus maritimus
    • *Bolboschoenus maritimus / Sarcocornia pacifica (depressa)
    • *Bolboschoenus maritimus / Sesuvium verrucosum
  • *Pickleweed mats – Sarcocornia pacifica (Salicornia depressa) Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Sarcocornia pacific – Lepidium latifolium
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Jaumea carnosa – Batis maritima
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Atriplex prostrata
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Bolboschoenus maritimus
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Brassica nigra
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Cotula coronopifolia
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Crypsis schoenoides
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Cuscuta salina – Spartina densiflora
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Distichlis spicata
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Echinochloa crus-galli – Polygonum – Xanthium strumarium
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Frankenia salina
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Frankenia salina – Suaeda taxifolia
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Grindelia stricta
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Jaumea carnosa
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Jaumea carnosa – Distichlis spicata
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Sesuvium verrucosum
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica – Spartina foliosa
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica / algae
    • *Sarcocornia pacifica/annual grasses (Polypogon, Hordeum, Lolium)
  • *California cordgrass marsh – Spartina foliosa Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Spartina foliosa
    • *Spartina foliosa – Sarcocornia pacifica
  • *Smooth or Chilean cordgrass marshes – Spartina (alterniflora, densiflora) Semi-natural Stands
    • Spartina densiflora
  • *Western sea-purslane marshes – Sesuvium verrucosum Alliance – G3? S2
    • *Sesuvium verrucosum
    • *Sesuvium verrucosum – Cotula coronopifolia
    • *Sesuvium verrucosum – Distichlis spicata
    • *Sesuvium verrucosum – Lolium perenne
  • Fields of fat hen and brass buttons – Atriplex prostrata – Cotula coronopifolia Semi-natural Stands
    • Coastal Brackish Marsh (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Northern Coastal Salt Marsh (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • Southern Coastal Salt Marsh (Holland) – G2 S2.1

Western North American Interior Alkali–Saline Wetland

Cool Semi-Desert Alkali–Saline Wetlands
  • Greasewood scrub – Sarcobatus vermiculatus Alliance – G5 S4
    • Desert Greasewood Scrub (Holland) – G4 S3.2
    • *Sarcobatus vermiculatus – Atriplex confertifolia
Warm Semi-Desert/Mediterranean Alkali–Saline Wetland
  • Alkali Meadow (Holland) – G3 S2.1
  • Alkali Seep (Holland) – G3 S2.1
  • Cismontane Alkali Marsh (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • Desert Sink Scrub (Holland) – G4 S3.1
  • Transmontane Alkali Marsh (Holland) – G3 S2.1
  • *Yerba mansa meadows – Anemopsis californica Alliance – G3 S2?
    • *Anemopsis californica – Juncus arcticus var. mexicanus
  • *Cooper’s rush marsh – Juncus cooperi Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Juncus cooperi
  • *American bulrush marsh – Schoenoplectus americanus Alliance – G5 S3
    • *Schoenoplectus americanus
    • *Schoenoplectus americanus – Eleocharis rostellata
    • *Schoenoplectus americanus / Argentina egedii
    • *Schoenoplectus americanus / Lepidium latifolium
    • *Schoenoplectus americanus / Schoenoplectus californicus – Schoenoplectus acutus
  • *Alkali cordgrass marsh – Spartina gracilis Alliance – GU S1
    • *Spartina gracilis – Sporobolus airoides
  • *Alkali sacaton grassland – Sporobolus airoides Alliance – G4 S2
    • Valley Sacaton Grassland (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Sporobolus airoides
    • *Sporobolus airoides / Allenrolfea occidentalis
    • *Sporobolus airoides / Ericameria nauseosa
  • *Iodine bush scrub – Allenrolfea occidentalis Alliance – G4 S3
    • Valley Sink Scrub (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Allenrolfea occidentalis
    • *Allenrolfea occidentalis – Sporobolus airoides
    • *Allenrolfea occidentalis – Suaeda moquinii
  • *Parish’s glasswort patches – Arthrocnemum subterminale Alliance – G4 S2
    • *Arthrocnemum subterminale
    • *Arthrocnemum subterminale – Monanthocloe littoralis
    • *Arthrocnemum subterminale – Sarcocornia pacifica
  • *Spinescale scrub – Atriplex spinifera Alliance – G3 S3
    • Relictual Interior Dunes (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • Stabilized Interior Dunes (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • Valley Saltbush Scrub (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • *Atriplex spinifera
    • *Atriplex spinifera – Picrothamnus desertorum
    • *Atriplex spinifera / annual herb
  • *Alkali heath marsh – Frankenia salina Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Frankenia salina
    • *Frankenia salina – Limonium californicum – Monanthochloe littoralis – Sarcocornia pacifica
    • *Frankenia salina / Agrostis avenacea
    • *Frankenia salina / Distichlis spicata
    • *Suaeda taxifolia / Hordeum murinum
  • *Bush seepweed scrub – Suaeda moquinii Alliance – G5 S3
    • *Suaeda moquinii
    • *Suaeda moquinii – Allenrolfea occidentalis
    • *Suaeda moquinii – Atriplex canescens

Warm Semi-Desert Scrub and Grassland

Mojavean–Sonoran Desert Scrub
  • Sonoran Mixed Woody Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Mojave Mixed Woody and Succulent Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Mojave Mixed Woody Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Mojave Mixed Steppe (Holland) – G3 S2.2
  • White bursage scrub – Ambrosia dumosa Alliance – G5 S4
    • *Ambrosia dumosa
    • *Ambrosia dumosa – Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus
    • *Ambrosia dumosa / Pleuraphis rigida 
  • Cheesebush scrub – Ambrosia salsola Alliance – G5 S4
    • *Ambrosia salsola – Ambrosia eriocentra
  • Allscale scrub – Atriplex polycarpa Alliance – G5 S4
    • Sierra Tehachapi Saltbush Scrub (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Interior Coast Range Saltbush Scrub (Holland) – G2 S2.1
    • Desert Saltbush Scrub (Holland) – G4 S3.2
  • Brittle bush scrub – Encelia farinosa Alliance – G5 S4
    • *Encelia farinosa – Eriogonum fasciculatum – Agave deserti
    • *Encelia farinosa – Peucephyllum schottii
  • Creosote bush scrub – Larrea tridentata Alliance – G5 S5
    • *Larrea tridentata – Krameria grayi – Pleuraphis rigida
    • *Larrea tridentata – Pleuraphis rigida
    • *Larrea tridentata – Pleuraphis rigida – Lycium andersonii
  • Creosote bush – white burr sage scrub – Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa Alliance – G5 S5
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Echinocactus polycephalus
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Encelia farinosa
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Encelia virginensis
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Ephedra californica
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Ephedra funerea
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Galium angustifolium – Lyrocarpa coulteri
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Petalonyx thurberi
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Pleuraphis rigida
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Psorothamnus emoryi – sandy
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Psorothamnus schottii
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa / Crytogrammic crust
    • *Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa / Dalea mollissima
  • *Teddy bear cholla patches – Cylindropuntia bigelovii Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Cylindropuntia bigelovii
  • *Big galleta shrub-steppe – Pleuraphis rigida Alliance – G3 S2
    • *Pleuraphis rigida
    • *Pleuraphis rigida – Dalea mollissima
    • *Pleuraphis rigida / Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus
    • *Pleuraphis rigida / Ambrosia dumosa
    • *Pleuraphis rigida / Atriplex canescens
    • *Pleuraphis rigida / Ephedra californica
    • *Pleuraphis rigida / Ericameria cooperi
    • *Pleuraphis rigida / Larrea tridentata
  • *Arizona honey sweet sparse scrub – Tidestromia oblongifolia Provisional Alliance – G3 S3
  • *Foothill palo verde desert scrub – Parkinsonia microphylla Alliance – G4 S1
    • Arizonan Woodland (Holland) – G3 S1.2
  • *Desert apricot scrub – Prunus fremontii Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Prunus fremontii
  • *Jojoba scrub – Simmondsia chinensis Provisional Alliance – G4 S3?
    • *Simmondsia chinensis – Eriogonum fasciculatum – Opuntia parryi
  • *Hall’s shrubby-spurge patches – Tetracoccus hallii Provisional Alliance – G2 S1
  • Parish’s goldeneye scrub – Viguiera parishii Alliance – G4 S4
    • *Viguiera parishii – Agave deserti
    • *Viguiera parishii – Salvia dorrii
  • *Graythorn patches – Ziziphus obtusifolia Special Stands – G2 S2?
  • *Spiny menodora scrub – Menodora spinescens Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Menodora spinescens – Atriplex confertifolia
    • *Menodora spinescens – Ephedra nevadensis
  • *Joshua tree woodland – Yucca brevifolia Alliance – G4 S3
    • Joshua Tree Woodland (Holland) – G4 S3.2
    • *Yucca brevifolia
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Ephedra nevadensis
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Yucca baccata / Pleuraphis jamesii
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Artemisia tridentata – Atriplex confertifolia
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Coleogyne ramosissima
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Gutierrezia microcephala / Pleuraphis rigida
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Juniperus californica / Coleogyne ramosissima
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Juniperus californica / Ephedra nevadensis
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Larrea tridentata – Yucca schidigera
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Larrea tridentata – Ambrosia dumosa – Eriogonum fasciculatum
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Larrea tridentata – Pleuraphis rigida
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Lycium andersonii
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Pleuraphis (rigida, jamesii)
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Pleuraphis rigida
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Pleuraphis rigida – Muhlenbergia porteri
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Prunus fasciculata
    • *Yucca brevifolia / Salazaria mexicana
  • Mojave yucca scrub – Yucca schidigera Alliance – G4 S4
    • Mojave Yucca Scrub and Steppe (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Yucca schidigera – Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa
    • *Yucca schidigera – Larrea tridentata – Agave deserti
    • *Yucca schidigera – Larrea tridentata – Simmondsia chinensis
Viscaino–Baja California Desert Scrub
  • *Giant coreopsis scrub – Coreopsis gigantea Alliance – G3 S3?
    • *Coreopsis gigantea – Artemisia californica – Eriogonum cinereum
    • *Coreopsis gigantea – Ericameria ericoides – Encelia californica 
  • *California desert-thorn – Lycium californicum Provisional Alliance – G2? S2?
  • *Coast prickly pear scrub – Opuntia littoralis Alliance – G4 S3
    • Maritime Succulent Scrub (Holland) – G2 S1.1
    • *Opuntia littoralis – Eriogonum fasciculatum – Malosma laurina
    • *Opuntia littoralis – mixed coastal sage scrub
  • *Elephant tree stands – Bursera microphylla Special Stands – G4 S1
    • Elephant Tree Woodland (Holland) – G3 S1.2
Madrean Warm Semi-Desert Wash Woodland/Scrub
  • Desert Dry Wash Woodland (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Mojave Wash Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Mojave Desert Wash Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Catclaw acacia thorn scrub – Acacia greggii Alliance – G5 S4
    • *Acacia greggii – Ambrosia eriocentra
    • *Acacia greggii / Eriogonum nudum var. pauciflorum
  • *California joint fir scrub – Ephedra californica Alliance – G3 S3
    • Monvero Residual Dunes (Holland) – G1 S1.2
    • *Ephedra californica
    • *Ephedra californica – Ambrosia salsola
    • *Ephedra californica – Gutierrezia californica / Eriastrum pluriflorum
    • *Ephedra californica / annual – perennial herb
  • *Black-stem rabbitbrush scrub – Ericameria paniculata Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Ericameria paniculata
    • *Ericameria paniculata – Ambrosia eriocentra
    • *Ericameria paniculata – Ambrosia salsola
  • *Parry’s rabbitbrush scrub – Ericameria parryi Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Ericameria parryi / Gayophytum diffusum
  • *Scale broom scrub – Lepidospartum squamatum Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Lepidospartum squamatum – Artemisia californica
    • *Lepidospartum squamatum – Atriplex canescens
    • *Lepidospartum squamatum – Baccharis salicifolia
    • *Lepidospartum squamatum – Eriodictyon crassifolium – Hesperoyucca whipplei
    • *Lepidospartum squamatum – Eriodictyon trichocalyx – Hesperoyucca whipplei
    • *Lepidospartum squamatum – Eriogonum fasciculatum
    • *Lepidospartum squamatum / Amsinckia menziesii
    • *Lepidospartum squamatum / ephemeral annuals
  • *Desert almond scrub – Prunus fasciculata Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Prunus fasciculata
    • *Prunus fasciculata – (Viguiera reticulata – Mortonia utahensis) limestone
    • *Prunus fasciculata – Ambrosia eriocentra
    • *Prunus fasciculata – Purshia stansburiana
    • *Prunus fasciculata – Rhus trilobata
    • *Prunus fasciculata – Salazaria mexicana
  • *Net-veined goldeneye scrub – Viguiera reticulata Alliance – G3 S3?
    • *Viguiera reticulata
  • *Desert agave scrub – Agave deserti Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Agave deserti – Ambroia salsola (wash and terrace)
    • *Agave deserti – Yucca schidigera
  • *Crucifixion thorn stands – Castela emoryi Special Stands – G2 S1
  • *Desert willow woodland – Chilopsis linearis Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Chilopsis linearis
    • *Chilopsis linearis / Ambrosia salsola
    • *Chilopsis linearis / Atriplex polycarpa
    • *Chilopsis linearis / Ericameria paniculata
    • *Chilopsis linearis / Prunus fasciculata
    • *Chilopsis linearis / Prunus fasciculata – Ambrosia salsola
    • *Chilopsis linearis / Salvia dorrii
    • *Chilopsis linearis / Viguiera parishii
  • *Desert lavender scrub – Hyptis emoryi Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Hyptis emoryi
    • *Hyptis emoryi – Psorothamnus schottii
  • *Chuparosa patches – Justicia californica Provisional Alliance – G2 S2?
  • *Crown-of-thorns stands – Koeberlinia spinosa Special Stands – G2 S1
    • All Thorn Woodland (Holland) – G3 S1.1
  • *Blue palo verde – Ironwood woodland – Parkinsonia florida – Olneya tesota Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Parkinsonia florida
    • *Parkinsonia florida – Acacia greggii – Encelia frutescens Parkinsonia florida
    • *Parkinsonia florida – Olneya tesota
    • *Parkinsonia florida – Olneya tesota / Cylindropuntia munzii
    • *Parkinsonia florida – Olneya tesota / Hyptis emoryi
    • *Parkinsonia florida / Chilopsis linearis
    • *Parkinsonia florida / Hyptis emoryi
    • *Parkinsonia florida / Larrea tridentata – Peucephyllum schottii
    • *Olneya tesota
    • *Olneya tesota – Psorothamnus schottii
    • *Olneya tesota / Hyptis emoryi
    • *Olneya tesota / Larrea tridentata – Encelia farinosa
  • *Arrow weed thickets – Pluchea sericea Alliance – G3 S3
    • Arrowweed Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.3
    • *Pluchea sericea
    • *Pluchea sericea – Allenrolfea occidentalis
    • *Pluchea sericea – Atriplex canescens
  • *Mesquite bosque, mesquite thicket – Prosopis glandulosa Alliance – G5 S3
    • Great Valley Mesquite Scrub (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • Mesquite Bosque (Holland) – G3 S2.1
    • *Prosopis glandulosa
    • *Prosopis glandulosa – Salix exigua – Salix lasiolepis
    • *Prosopis glandulosa – Sambucus nigra
    • *Prosopis glandulosa / Atriplex canescens
    • *Prosopis glandulosa / Atriplex spp. (alkaline)
    • *Prosopis glandulosa / Bebbia juncea – Petalonyx thurberi (wash)
    • *Prosopis glandulosa / Pluchea sericea – Atriplex canescens (alkaline spring)
    • *Prosopis glandulosa / Rhus ovata (upper desert spring)
    • *Prosopis glandulosa / Suaeda moquinii
  • *Screwbean mesquite bosques – Prosopis pubescens Alliance – G3 S2
    • *Prosopis / Atriplex spp. (alkaline)
    • *Prosopis / Bebbia juncea – Petalonyx thurberi (wash)
    • *Prosopis / Pluchea sericea – Atriplex canescens (alkaline spring)
  • *Smoke tree woodland – Psorothamnus spinosus Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Psorothamnus spinosus
    • *Psorothamnus spinosus – Acacia greggii – Chrysothamnus sp
    • *Psorothamnus spinosus / Ambrosia salsola – Bebbia juncea
    • *Psorothamnus spinosus / Ephedra californica – Ambrosia salsola
    • *Psorothamnus spinosus / Hyptis emoryi – Acacia greggii
    • Crucifixion Thorn Woodland (Holland) – G3 S1.2

Western North American Cool Semi-Desert Scrub and Grassland

Cool Semi-Desert Wash and Disturbance Scrub
  • Mono Pumice Flat (Holland) – G1 S1.2
  • *Virgin River brittle brush scrub – Encelia virginensis Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Encelia virginensis
    • *Encelia virginensis – Salvia dorrii
  • *Broom snake weed scrub – Gutierrezia sarothrae Provisional Alliance – G3 S3
  • *Desert purple sage scrub – Salvia dorrii Alliance – G3 S2
    • *Salvia dorrii
Western North America Tall Sage Shrubland and Steppe
  • *Rothrock’s sagebrush – Artemisia rothrockii Alliance – G3 S3 *
    • *Artemisia rothrockii / Monardella odoratissima
    • *Artemisia rothrockii / Penstemon heterodoxus
Western North America Dwarf Sage Shrubland and Steppe
  • Little sagebrush scrub – Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula Alliance – G5 S4
    • *Artemisia arbuscula – Eriogonum microthecum
    • *Artemisia arbuscula / Festuca idahoensis
    • *Artemisia arbuscula / Trifolium andersonii ssp. monoense
  • *Black sagebrush scrub – Artemisia nova Alliance – G4 S3
    • Pebble Plains (Holland) – G1 S1.1
    • *Artemisia nova
    • *Artemisia nova – Ambrosia salsola
    • *Artemisia nova – Echinocereus engelmannii
Inter-Mountain Dry Shrubland and Grassland
  • *Spiny hop sage scrub – Grayia spinosa Alliance – G5 S3
    • *Grayia spinosa – Atriplex confertifolia
    • *Grayia spinosa – Ephedra viridis
    • *Grayia spinosa – Larrea tridentata
    • *Grayia spinosa – Lycium andersonii
    • *Grayia spinosa – Picrothamnus desertorum / Achnatherum hymenoides
    • *Grayia spinosa / Eriogonum ovalifolium
  • *Winterfat scrubland – Krascheninnikovia lanata Alliance – G4 S2
    • *Krascheninnikovia lanata
  • *Anderson’s boxthorn scrub – Lycium andersonii Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Lycium andersonii
    • *Lycium andersonii – Simmondsia chinensis – Pleuraphis rigida
  • *Small leaf mountain mahogany scrub – Cercocarpus intricatus Provisional Alliance – G4 S3?
    • *Cerocarpus intricatus
  • Black brush scrub – Coleogyne ramosissima Alliance – G5 S4
    • Blackbush Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
    • *Coleogyne ramosissima
  • *Nolina scrub – Nolina (bigelovii, parryi) Alliance – G3 S2
    • *Nolina bigelovii
    • *Nolina parryi
  • *Stansbury cliff rose scrub – Purshia stansburiana Alliance – G3 S3
    • *Purshia stansburiana
  • *Bitter brush scrub – Purshia tridentata Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Purshia tridentata – Artemisia tridentata – Symphoricarpos rotundifolia
    • *Purshia tridentata – Artemisia tridentata – Tetradymia canescens
    • *Purshia tridentata – Artemisia tridentata / Achnatherum hymenoides
    • *Purshia tridentata / Achnatherum nelsonii
    • *Purshia tridentata / Eriogonum umbellatum
    • Great Basin Grassland (Holland) – G1 S1.1
  • *Indian rice grass grassland – Achnatherum hymenoides Alliance – G4 S1
    • *Achnatherum hymenoides – Leptodactylon pungens
    • *Achnatherum hymenoides – Sphaeralcea ambigua
  • *Bluebunch wheat grass grassland – Pseudoroegneria spicata Alliance – G4 S2
  • *Desert needlegrass grassland – Achnatherum speciosum Alliance – G4 S2
    • *Achnatherum speciosum
  • *James’ galleta shrub-steppe – Pleuraphis jamesii Alliance – G3 S2
    • *Pleuraphis jamesii / Ephedra nevadensis
    • *Pleuraphis jamesii / Eriogonum fasciculatum
    • *Pleuraphis jamesii / Lycium andersonii

Western North America Alpine Scrub, Forb Meadow, and Grassland

Rocky Mountain Alpine Scrub, Forb Meadow, and Grassland
  • *Pacific bog sedge meadows – Kobresia myosuroides Alliance – G5 S1
    • *Kobresia myosuroides – Thalictrum alpinum
  • *Alpine willow turf – Salix petrophila Alliance – G5 S3
    • *Salix petrophila
    • *Salix petrophila – Calamagrostis muiriana
    • *Salix petrophila – Calamagrostis muriana – Vaccinium caespitosum – Antennaria media
  • *Snow willow mats – Salix nivalis Provisional Alliance – G4 S1?
Vancouverian Alpine Scrub, Forb Meadow, and Grassland
  • Southern California Fell Field (Holland) – G1 S1.2
  • White Mountains Fell Field (Holland) – G2 S2.2
  • Montane Dwarf Scrub (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • Dry Subalpine or Alpine Meadow (Holland) – G3 S3.2
  • *Brewer sedge mats – Carex breweri Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Carex breweri
    • *Carex breweri – Cistanthe umbellata
    • *Carex breweri – Poa wheeleri
  • *Alpine fescue fell-fields – Festuca brachyphylla Alliance – G4? S3?
    • *Festuca brachyphylla – Penstemon davidsonii
    • *Festuca brachyphylla – Eriogonum ovalifolium
  • *Alpine laurel heath – Kalmia microphylla Provisional Alliance – G4 S3?
  • *Dwarf bilberry meadows and mats – Vaccinium cespitosum Alliance – G4? S3?
    • *Vaccinium cespitosum – Calamagrostis muiriana
    • *Vaccinium cespitosum – Carex filifolia
    • *Vaccinium cespitosum – Carex nigricans
    • *Vaccinium cespitosum – Kalmia microphylla
  • *Heller’s sedge fell-fields – Carex helleri Alliance – G4 S2
    • *Carex helleri – Saxifraga tolmiei – Luzula divaricata
    • *Carex helleri – Arabis platysperma – Penstemon heterodoxus
    • *Carex helleri – Eriogonum incanum – Raillardella argentea
    • *Carex helleri – Poa suksdorfii
  • *Showy sedge sod – Carex spectabilis Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Carex spectabilis – Senecio triangularis
    • *Carex spectabilis – Sibbaldia procumbens
  • *White mountain heather heath – Cassiope mertensiana Provisional Alliance – G5 S3?
  • *Pink saxifrage patches – Saxifraga nidifica Provisional Alliance – G4? S3?
    • *Polygonum minimum
    • *Rhodiola integrifolia – Selaginella watsonii
  • Patches of Tolmie’s alpine saxifrage – Saxifraga tolmiei Provisional Alliance – G4 S3?
  • *Congdon’s sedge talus – Carex congdonii Provisional Alliance – G2 S2
    • *Arnica amplexicaulis – Carex congdonii
  • *Fell-fields with California heath-goldenrod and Pacific alpine gold – Ericameria discoidea – Hulsea algida Alliance – G3? S3?
    • *Ericameria discoidea – Linanthus pungens
    • *Ericameria discoidea – Minuartia nuttallii
    • *Hulsea algida
    • *Hulsea algida – Ericameria discoidea – Phacelia hastata
    • *Hulsea algida – Muhlenbergia richardsonis – Achnatherum pinetorum
  • *Mountain sorrel patches – Oxyria digyna Provisional Alliance – G4 S3?
    • *Astragalus kentrophyta – Draba oligosperma
  • *Coville’s phlox fell-fields – Phlox covillei Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Draba oligosperma – Poa glauca ssp. Rupicola
    • *Festuca minutiflora – Penstemon davidsonii
    • *Ivesia muirii
    • *Phlox covillei – Elymus elymoides – Podistera nevadensis
    • *Phlox covillei – Elymus elymoides – Podistera nevadensis – Erigeron pygmaeus
    • *Phlox covillei – Eriogonum gracilipes
    • *Phlox covillei – Eriogonum incanum
    • *Phlox (covillei) – Ivesia shockleyi
    • *Phlox covillei – Linum lewisii
    • *Podistera nevadensis – Arenaria kingii
    • *Podistera nevadensis – Erigeron pygmaeus
  • *Cushion phlox fell-fields – Phlox pulvinata Alliance – G4 S3
    • *Phlox pulvinata – Anelsonia eurycarpa
    • *Phlox pulvinata – Ericameria suffruticosa – Ipomopsis congesta
    • *Phlox pulvinata – Festuca brachyphylla
    • *Phlox pulvinata – Ivesia gordonii
    • *Phlox pulvinata – Lupinus argenteus var. montigenus

Temperate Pacific Saltwater Aquatic Vegetation

Temperate Pacific Intertidal Shore
  • *Ditch-grass or widgeon-grass mats – Ruppia (cirrhosa, maritima) Alliance – G4? S2
    • *Ruppia cirrhosa – algae
  • *Pondweed mats – Stuckenia (pectinata) – Potamogeton spp. Alliance – G3G5 S3?
    • *Potomogeton spp.
    • *Stuckenia pectinata

North American Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation

Western North American Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation

North American Mediterranean Rock Outcrop, Scree, and Talus Nonvascular and Sparse Vascular Vegetatio

California Cliff, Scree, and Other Rock Vegetation

Western North American Temperate Cliff, Scree and Rock Vegetation

Vancouverian Cliff, Scree and Other Rock Vegetation
  • Alpine Glacier (Holland) – G5 S2.3

 Warm Semi-Desert Cliff, Scree, and Rock Vegetation

North American Warm Semi-Desert Cliff, Scree, and Other Rock Vegetation